Following are the therapeutic uses of opioid analgesics : 1. Pain relief: By any and all the possible routes, these drugs have been given to relieve the pain—acute, surgical, non-surgical, visceral, somatic, chronic, and oncogenic, non-oncogenic. 2. Morphine is drug of choice in IHD, myocardial infarction, obstetric analgesia. 3. Dyspnoea: Especially due to left ventricular […]
Perioperative steroids are steroids that are used before, during or after a surgery. Human steroids are produced by the adrenal gland and are under the direct or indirect control of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. The two major classes of steroids that have significant clinical metabolic effects are the glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol), which regulate
The exact site of mechanisms of action of inhalation anesthetics is not certain but possible sites are macroscopic (CNS-brain), microscopic (axons and synapses) and molecular (pre- and postsynaptic membranes). Hence, the possible mechanisms of action of inhalation anesthetics is varied: a) Multiple receptor sites b) Motor inhibition at spinal cord level c) Many neurotransmitters are
The manifestations of midazolam overdose are sedation, somnolence, confusion, impaired coordination, diminished reflexes, and untoward effects on vital signs, coma and possible cardio respiratory arrest. Treatment of midazolam overdose is the same as that followed for overdosage with other benzodiazepines. Continuous monitoring of vital signs including ECG should be immediately instituted and general supportive measures
Phenobarbital dosage include 3 to 5 mg/kg IV, produces rapid induction producing unconsciousness within 30 seconds. Although propofol is becoming the most popular drug for induction of anesthesia for its quick offset from anesthesia, thiopental is still in use due to its low cost in comparison particularly in developing countries. Phenobarbital dosage still remains the
Oxygenation capacity is the volume of oxygen at standard pressure and temperature carried by 100 mL of blood after saturation with room air. Oxygenation capacity includes the oxygen in combination with haemoglobin (1.39 mL/g) and oxygen in solution in plasma (0.3 mL). It should also be mentioned that most of the oxygen that dissolves in
IV lasix or Furosemide is a loop diuretic that acts by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride (via the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. IV lasix enhances the excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and water. IV lasix is used frequently in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting
Pain control is an important aspect of critical care medicine and the use of opiate medications has typically been an important method of achieving control in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. The brain has four opiate receptors that include the mu, kappa, delta, and sigma receptors. Currently used opioid analgesics bind to the mu
The primary mechanism of protection of barbiturates drugs in cerebral ischemia has been attributed to its ability to decrease the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2), thereby increasing the ratio of oxygen supply to oxygen demand. Barbiturates drugs have been the prototype for anesthetic protection against cerebral ischemia. The decrease in CMRO2 is accompanied by a parallel
Effect of barbiturates drugs in cerebral ischemia Read More »
Midazolam can be used intravenously for induction of anesthesia versed . As an inducing agent it produces sleep and amnesia but it does not have any analgesic effect. Midazolam is not as rapid acting as thiopental. At approximately equipotent doses (loss of consciousness), thiopental abolishes the eyelash reflex 50—100% faster than midazolam, but it produces
