Sevoflurane metabolic effects are seen when approximately 5% of the dose is metabolized by the liver, catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (2E1) enzyme. While Sevoflurane metabolic effects are studied we see that, it is broken down to hexafluoro isopropanol (HFIP) and fluoride ions. Hexafluoro isopropanol is conjugated with glucuronic acid to form HFIP glucuronide and excreted […]
Anesthesia for Interventional Neuroradiology has progressed from minimally invasive therapy to complex interventional radiology. In the past, anesthesiologists used to be called for resuscitation after some catastrophe had occurred. Interventional neuroradiology (or endovascular neurosurgery) is the radiologically guided endovascular approach to lesions of the central nervous system or its related circulatory structures to deliver therapeutic
When it comes to total knee replacement surgery, managing pain and providing effective analgesia is of utmost importance. The procedure itself can be quite invasive and painful, and it is crucial to ensure that patients are comfortable and experience minimal discomfort throughout their recovery process. In this article, we will explore the various options available
Capnography is the continuous measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and its waveform. The normal recording from a Capnography is between 32 to 42 mmHg (3 to 4 mmHg less than arterial pCO2 which is 35 to 45 mmHg). Capnography works on the principle that infrared light is absorbed by carbon dioxide. And this
Surgery for small bowel obstruction is a very common emergency operation done in many hospitals. Intestinal obstruction is a blockage of your small intestine or colon that can prevent food and liquid through it. Intestinal obstruction can occur due to a number of conditions, including attachments in the abdominal tissue (adhesions), hernias and tumours or fibrous
There are several disadvantages of disadvantages of carbon dioxide : • High concentration causes narcosis. • It increases the cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure. • It stimulates sympathetic nervous system, which may be dangerous in some patients already having systemic hypertension or myocardial ischaemia. • It sensitizes myocardium to externally administered catecholamines. • It
Methoxyflurane Anesthesia is a halogenated hydrocarbon now obsolete. Physical properties: Colorless, fruity liquid, non-flammable, boiling point of 104°C, blood/gas coefficient 13, oil /gas 825, VP 25 mm Hg, MAC 0.2%, metabolism 50-75%. Methoxyflurane Anesthesia is metabolized to dichloroacetic acid and methoxydifluoro acetic acid and fluoride in high amount which proved nephrotoxic; due to this it
Understanding Granisetron’s Use in Anesthesia for Nausea and Vomiting When undergoing anesthesia, one of the common side effects that patients may experience is nausea and vomiting. These unpleasant symptoms can not only cause discomfort but also delay the recovery process. To alleviate this, healthcare professionals may administer medications like granisetron. In this article, we will
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Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a hypermetabolic disorder of skeletal muscle that is triggered in susceptible individuals by several inhalation anesthetic agents (sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, halothane, enflurane, and methoxyflurane) and succinylcholine. These anesthetic triggers cause intracellular hypercalcemia in skeletal muscle by decreasing the uptake of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The intracellular hypercalcemia activates metabolic pathways
Benzodiazepines or BDZ are compounds have largely replaced the barbiturates as hypnotics and act as sedatives, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants and anesthetic agents. Mechanism of action of Benzodiazepines or BDZ Benzodiazepines or BDZ bind selectively to the a subunit of the GABA-A receptors surrounding the chloride channels in the CNS, a site distinct from that to which
