Wong baker pain assessment tool is used in the patients who do not have appropriate cognitive level to use a number scale, like lay persons or children. The patient then points out to face best represents how he/she is feeling at that point of time. The patient must be explained correlation between each face and […]
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a clinical syndrome consisting of four primary features: rigidity, altered mental status, hyperthermia, and autonomic instability. It occurs in the setting of the use of dopamine-blocking agents or the withdrawal of dopamine-enhancing medications. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Epidemiology Incidence of Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is estimated at 0.1% to 2%. There is
A lot of Doctors and famous anesthesiologists have contributed to the evolution of the science of anesthesia. Their hard work and discoveries have made anesthesia a safe and crucial field in pain management and as a medical specialty. The discovery of Nitrous oxide was a major breakthrough, that was later found out to be a
Surgery for small bowel obstruction is a very common emergency operation done in many hospitals. Intestinal obstruction is a blockage of your small intestine or colon that can prevent food and liquid through it. Intestinal obstruction can occur due to a number of conditions, including attachments in the abdominal tissue (adhesions), hernias and tumours or fibrous
Enflurane metabolism is briefly discussed. About 80-90% of enflurane is eliminated in expired air, up to 5% is metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 (2E1) to difluoromethoxy difluoroacetic acid and free fluoride. Carbon monoxide may be produced in the presence of dry soda lime or baralyme, at higher temperatures and higher anaesthetic concentrations. Also while studying
What is Nitrous oxide gas ? Nitrous oxide gas is a Gaseous Anesthetic agent. Nitrous oxide gas is a colorless, inorganic gas with a sweet taste. The oxygen in the nitrous oxide molecule is not available for tissue respiration as nitrous oxide does not undergo significant decomposition in the body. Nitrous oxide gas, if administered
Anesthetic Ethyl Chloride Spray is first sprayed in the mask, as it is pleasant and potent, it produces unconsciousness in 1-2 minutes. Ether is then introduced till the patient is anesthetized to Guedel ‘s stage III and plane H when respiration is regular, eye movements cease, pupils are in mid position and reflexes absent (eyelid,
Chloroform anesthesia is prepared from chloroform chemical formula and is a potent, pleasant, non-irritant anaesthetic agent, very popular in the early days of anaesthesia. Physical properties of Chloroform chemical formula are that, it is colourless, sweet odour, non flammable, bp 6 1°C, VP 80mm Hg, blood/gas coefficient 10.3, oil/gas 394, MAC 0.62, metabolism 50% to
Introduction to Obesity and its Challenges Obesity is a complex, multifactorial health condition characterized by an excessive amount of body fat, significantly impacting an individual’s overall health and well-being. Defined by a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher, obesity has reached alarming prevalence rates worldwide, becoming a major public health concern. The World
N20 is minimally metabolized. Nitrous oxide metabolism shows us that N20 oxidizes the cobalt in vitamin B12, converting the monovalent form to bivalent form which fails to function as a methyl carrier. Nitrous oxide metabolism is an irreversible oxidation. Vitamin B12 is a cofactor for methionine synthetase and is involved in the production of 5,10
