The ideal neuromuscular blocker drugs (NMB) would be rapid in onset, have a predictable offset, be nontoxic, lack deleterious cardiovascular or autonomic effects, undergo a defined means of metabolism and excretion preferably independent of end-organ function, and be inexpensive. Many of these characteristics are found in clinically available drugs like cisatracurium. To briefly review, neuromuscular
The use of tens electrical stimulation to reduce the pain especially of postoperative nature is the main use of this technique. The tens electrical stimulation principle is again based on “gate control theory” of Melzaek and Wall, viz: small fibres stimulation leads to transmission of nociceptive stimuli via substantia gelatinosa (SG) cells which act as
Some of the Phenobarbital side effects are discussed. Intra-arterial injection of thiopental usually results in immediate, intense vasoconstriction and severe pain radiates along the distribution of the vessel into which it has been administered. Vasoconstriction may obscure distal arterial pulses, and blanching of the extremity is followed by cyanosis. In awake patients, hypoaesthesia, muscular weakness,
Midazolam metabolism is carried out rapidly by hepatic and small intestine cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) enzymes to active and inactive metabolites. The principal metabolite of midazolam is 1-hydroxymidazolam, which has approximately half the activity of the parent compound. This active midazolam metabolism is rapidly conjugated to 1-hydroxymidazolam glucuronide and is subsequently cleared by the kidneys. This
The original formulation of Etomidate injection contains propylene glycol as a solvent contributing to a high incidence of pain during IV injection and occasional venous irritation. The newer lipid emulsion formulation is devoid of pain on injection and venous complications such as reddening, swelling, induration; as well as allergic reactions, whereas the incidence of myoclonus
While very effective as an antiarrhythmic, amiodarone therapy is also associated with a wide array of adverse side effects involving the cornea, lungs, liver, skin, and thyroid. Although the majority of amiodarone therapy ‘s adverse effects on these organs result from deposition of the drug in the parenchyma, its effect on the thyroid gland is
What are Barbiturates drugs? Barbiturates are the derivatives of barbituric acid which is a condensation product of urea with malonic acid. Barbituric acid itself is devoid of any hypnotic activity. Barbiturates drugs are hardly soluble in water; however, their sodium salts form alkaline solutions in water. Conventionally, they are divided according to their duration of
A special mention must be made here about the novel ways of using neuraxial regional anesthesia anticoagulation . The use started in 1979. Gradually they have become very popular and almost all the clinically available opioids have been tried by this route. Nowadays the flexibility of neuraxial regional anesthesia anticoagulation is available to be given
Propofol and egg allergy are quietly related as one of the side effects. Allergic reactions to propofol on first exposure are usually because of the isopropyl groups that may act as epitopes and that are present in various medications andcosmetics. Allergic reactions to propofol upon re-exposure are usually because of the phenol molecule. Propofol and
Ketamine is associated with psychedelic effects and dependence. Well the question here arises is that Is Ketamine addictive ? These effects are dose-related and comprised of multimodal hallucinatory experiences, a sense of slowing, paranoid ideation and enhancement of sexual, musical and sensory enjoyment. The mechanisms of these phenomena are largely due to its complex multi-receptors
