Midazolam onset of action undergoes rapid absorption from gastrointestinal tract. Only about 50% of the orally administered dose of midazolam reaches the systemic circulation, reflecting extensive first-pass metabolism. It is highly protein bound and this does not depend on the plasma concentration of the drug. The short duration of the drug is due to its […]
When administered intrathecal ketamine shows local anesthetic effects in both animals and humans. Intrathecal ketamine when used as a sole agent (0.7-0.95 mg/kg) with or without epinephrine for intrathecal use, although produces motor and sensory block but the analgesia is inadequate and of short duration along with varied psychomimetic disturbances. When added to the intrathecal
Barbiturate withdrawal is when sudden stopping of barbiturate drugs causes severe illness and withdrawal. This especially happens when infusions are given in the hospital and abruptly stopped. What are the Barbiturate withdrawal symptoms? In the First 12-16 hours: There is an observable improvement. After 16 hours: nausea, vomiting, anxiety, tremors, abdominal cramps, orthostatic hypotension, restlessness.
Propofol contamination in an emulsion formulation, has been associated with infective complications. It becomes contaminated once the ampoules have been opened. Propofol contamination supports the growth of all microorganisms. Diphtheroid bacilli and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequent microorganisms. Others are E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. Adding lidocaine, or storing opened ampoules at
The drugs remain the main modality to achieve pharmacological management of pain . Various routes of administration for various drugs have been employed. The quest for an ideal, suitable analgesic continues. Conventionally three classes of drugs are employed to achieve various degrees of analgesia in pharmacological management of pain : 1. Opioids: For a long time
All barbiturates metabolism is in the liver. In Barbiturates metabolism , the haemodilution in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes reduction in total drug concentration and protein binding fraction at the onset of CPB. This decrease in protein binding is counteracted by the dilution of unbound drug, resulting in a stable unbound concentration throughout CPB. The inactive metabolites
The most commonly used barbiturate is pentobarbital. Induced coma with use of barbiturates like thiopentone sodium or pentothal is called barbiturate coma or pentobarbital coma . High-dose barbiturates have been used for more than 60 years in critically ill neurologic patients. The most common application has been to lower elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients
Once Pure agent scheme of presentation is executed it becomes very easy to deal with all the actions of the drugs of various classes of opioids, including pure agonist opioid . While understanding the pharmacological, systemic effect of these drugs it is logically possible to fix the action as per the neuroanatomical site of origin
The depth of propofol sedation increases in a dose dependent manner. The short context-sensitive half-time of propofol, even with prolonged periods of infusion, make this a readily titratable drug for production of IV sedation. The prompt recovery without residual sedation and low incidence of nausea and vomiting make propofol particularly well suited to ambulatory conscious
Barbiturates mechanism of action is described here. Barbiturates most likely produce their sedative hypnotic effects through an interaction with the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the CNS. Barbiturates cause reversible depression of all excitable tissues, the CNS being exquisitely sensitive. They bind to beta subunit of the inhibitory GABA-A receptor, a site distinct from
