Bradycardia and asystole have been observed after induction of anesthesia with propofol. The risk of propofol bradycardia related death during propofol anesthesia has been estimated to be 1.4 in 100,000. Severe, refractory, and fatal bradycardia has been observed with long-term propofol bradycardia infusion. In contrast to thiopentone, propofol apparently lacks central vagolytic activity and may
Benzodiazepines effects appear to produce all their pharmacologic effects by facilitating the actions of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). The area where it causes it effect is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS by enhancing their affinity towards GABA receptors leading to increased chloride conductance and hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane, and thereby rendering
Two classes of drugs exist GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors that inhibit these platelet effects at the level of the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor on the platelet surface membrane. The first group are the thienopyridines (clopidogrel and ticlopidine). Current treatments for acute coronary syndromes including unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction now include agents aimed at inhibiting platelet activation,
Epidural ketamine and its active enantiomer S(+)ketamine have been used intrathecally and epidurally (caudally) for the management of perioperative pain and in a variety of chronic pain syndromes. Although ketamine has been reported to interact with opioid receptors, binding to local opiate receptors seems to play only a minor role, whereas significant analgesia after even
Acupuncture physiotherapy pain reduction technique is an ancient Chinese modality used for various chronic painful conditions, in addition to non pain related problems like acute asthma, chronic sinusitis, etc. The human body has a life force or energy flowing — Chi. This life force is flowing through various channels — Meridians. The life force (Chi)
The original formulation of Etomidate injection contains propylene glycol as a solvent contributing to a high incidence of pain during IV injection and occasional venous irritation. The newer lipid emulsion formulation is devoid of pain on injection and venous complications such as reddening, swelling, induration; as well as allergic reactions, whereas the incidence of myoclonus
All of these nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs side effects collectively lead to breach of the integrity of gastric mucosal lining, and gastric ulceration is the result. Following are the nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs side effects : Gastritis : As an overall decrease in production of prostaglandins takes place. Some of the protective PGs like PGE1, PGE2,and
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All barbiturates metabolism is in the liver. In Barbiturates metabolism , the haemodilution in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes reduction in total drug concentration and protein binding fraction at the onset of CPB. This decrease in protein binding is counteracted by the dilution of unbound drug, resulting in a stable unbound concentration throughout CPB. The inactive metabolites
The mechanisms for ketamine induced cardiovascular effects are complex and also Ketamine effect on blood pressure characteristics. Direct stimulation of the CNS leading to increased sympathetic nervous system outflow seems to be the most important mechanism for cardiovascular stimulation. One of the characteristic of Ketamine is related to blood pressure and is therefore termed as
Pre anesthesia drugs and medicines is the term applied to the use of drugs prior to the administration of an anesthetic agent, with the objective of making anesthesia safer and more agreeable to the patient. The reasons for using pre anesthesia drugs are: For sedation, to reduce anxiety and apprehension without producing much drowsiness. To obtain an
