Lorazepam metabolism is done by glucuronidation in order to form pharmacologically inactive metabolites that are excreted by the kidneys. Lorazepam IV is a long-acting benzodiazepine which is more potent sedative and amnesic than midazolam and diazepam. The effects on ventilation, the cardiovascular system, and skeletal muscles resemble those of other benzodiazepines. The elimination half-time is […]
Some of the Ketamine effects discussed here. Ketamine does not increase the intraocular pressure (lOP) in routine analgesic doses. Even after the IM injection of 8 mg/kg, ketamine doses not raise lOP. However, in an: other study, in children anaesthetized with halothane, ketamine demonstrated a dose-dependent effect on lOP. A dose of 6 mg/kg IM
Phenobarbital liver in the absence of other drugs, produces only modest decreases in hepatic blood flow. Induction doses of thiopental do not alter postoperative liver function tests. Barbiturates increase hepatic bile flow. However, there is no correlation between the increase in bile flow and the cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver. Thiopental decreases intraocular pressure
Reactions such as agitation, involuntary movements, hyperactivity and combativeness are usually reported during midazolam administration . Should such reactions occur, the response to each dose of midazolam and all other drugs, including local anesthetics, should be evaluated before proceeding with the midazolam administration of the drug. For induction of general anaesthesia in healthy patients, the
Succinylcholine hyperkalemia is hyperkalemia seen after the usage of succinylcholine. Succinylcholine is a depolarizing muscle relaxant used for urgent endotracheal intubation in the operating room, intensive care unit (ICU), and emergency department. The intravenous (IV) dose is 0.5 to 1.5 mg/kg. Time to effect is 1 minute and duration of action in patients with normal
Aging and liver disease affect glucuronidation less than oxidative metabolic pathways. And thus, lorazepam, oxazepam, benzodiazepines in the elderly and temazepam are preferentially used in elderly patients over other benzodiazepines as they are metabolized only by glucuronidation and have no active metabolites. Elderly patients may also be intrinsically sensitive to benzodiazepines, suggesting that the enhanced
The Ketamine induction dose of anaesthesia is, 1 to 2 mg/kg IV or 4 to 8 mg/kg IM. Injection of ketamine IV does not produce pain or venous irritation. Consciousness is lost in 30 to 60 seconds after IV administration and in 2 to 4 minutes after IM injection. Unconsciousness is associated with maintenance of
Etomidate mechanism of action is shown here. The GABAA receptor plays a central role in the etomidate mechanism of action Etomidate exerts its effects on the receptor by binding directly to a specific site or sites on the protein and allosterically enhancing the apparent affinity of GABA for its receptor. At much higher concentrations etomidate
Midazolam sedation is a useful intravenous adjunct to local or regional anesthesia for a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Midazolam sedation in doses of 1.0 to 2.5 mg IV (onset within 30-60 sec, time to peak affect 3 to 5 minutes, duration of sedation 15 to 80 minutes) is effective for sedation. Titrated intravenous
The most commonly used barbiturate is pentobarbital. Induced coma with use of barbiturates like thiopentone sodium or pentothal is called barbiturate coma or pentobarbital coma . High-dose barbiturates have been used for more than 60 years in critically ill neurologic patients. The most common application has been to lower elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients
