Etomidate pharmacology is studied using following points. In etomidate pharmacology we find that Etomidate is a potent, direct cerebral vasoconstrictor. It decreases cerebral blood flow and CMRO2 in an independent manner. The cerebral metabolic effects of etomidate are secondary to its effect on neuronal function. As a result, previously increase ICP is lowered by etomidate […]
Bradycardia and asystole have been observed after induction of anesthesia with propofol. The risk of propofol bradycardia related death during propofol anesthesia has been estimated to be 1.4 in 100,000. Severe, refractory, and fatal bradycardia has been observed with long-term propofol bradycardia infusion. In contrast to thiopentone, propofol apparently lacks central vagolytic activity and may
Visual analogue scale for pain intensity is a numerical pain rating scale which uses a 10 cm line with the numbers ranging from 0-10. Patients points out the number that corresponds to the level of pain they are feeling. The significance of the numbers must be explained to the patient. Intensity of the pain is
Acute on chronic pain description is to explain the pain which was chronic and has now become suddenly severe, sharp and unbearable. It could be due to acute exacerbation of the original process. Aetiologically it could be due to sudden increase in the size of the primary or due to deposition of metastases into long bones,
The phencyclidine derivatives Ketamine anesthetic is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. It produces “dissociative anesthesia”, characterized by evidence on the EEG of dissociation between the thalamo-cortical and limbic systems and a cataleptic state in which the eyes remain open with a slow nystagmic gaze. The patient becomes noncommunicative with an apparent wakefulness state. It
The respiratory effects of Ketamine bronchodilation are noticeable, mainly involving bronchodilation, which is mainly observed in asthmatic patients. Supposedly, Ketamine bronchodilation relaxes the bronchiolar musculature and prevents the bronchoconstriction induced by histamine, which would be an obvious advantage for asthmatic patients. The bronchodilatory activity is as effective as halothane or enflurane in preventing experimentally-induced Ketamine
Autogenic training relaxation technique , systematic alternative tensing and relaxing of muscle groups is taught to patients (autogenic training) leading to deep relaxation and ability. In addition to these, diaphragmatic breathing, focused repetition of words/phrases/prayer (distraction), guided imagery, transcendental meditation, are additional methods used. • Pranic healing, • Psychic healing, • Magnetotherapy, • Aromatherapy, •
Ketamine Preemptive Analgesia is an antinociceptive treatment targeted to block CNS hyperexcitability, and thereby leads to a reduced postoperative pain state. Excitatory amino acids aspartate, released by the C fibers, interacts with the NMDA receptors of the dorsal horn neurons, and thus, leads to increase in intracellular calcium ions, which is thought to be the
Diazepam IV is a highly lipid-soluble benzodiazepine with a more prolonged duration of action compared with midazolam. Diazepam IV is dissolved in organic solvents (propylene glycol, sodium benzoate) because it is insoluble in water. Dilution with water or saline causes cloudiness but does not alter the potency of the drug. Injection by either the IM
The midazolam dose must be carefully individualized. In elderly and debilitated patients, lower doses are required. The midazolam dose should further be adjusted according to the type and amount of premedication used. Excess doses or rapid IV administration may result in respiratory depression and/or arrest, particularly in elderly or debilitated patients. For IM use, midazolam
