Diethyl ether (C2H5-O-C2H5) is one of the metabolically safe non-halogenated anesthetics . About 6% is metabolized in the liver to ethanol and acetaldehyde, thereafter to acetic acid and onto carbon dioxide and water. Examples of non-halogenated anesthetics Divinyl ether Cyclopropane Trichloroethylene Non-halogenated anesthetics are all anesthetic agents mostly inhalation agents that do not contain a hologen in their structure. Divinyl […]
The original formulation of Etomidate injection contains propylene glycol as a solvent contributing to a high incidence of pain during IV injection and occasional venous irritation. The newer lipid emulsion formulation is devoid of pain on injection and venous complications such as reddening, swelling, induration; as well as allergic reactions, whereas the incidence of myoclonus
Midazolam can be used intravenously for induction of anesthesia versed . As an inducing agent it produces sleep and amnesia but it does not have any analgesic effect. Midazolam is not as rapid acting as thiopental. At approximately equipotent doses (loss of consciousness), thiopental abolishes the eyelash reflex 50—100% faster than midazolam, but it produces
The most significant Methodone feature is its exactly identical pharmacodynamics and methodone mechanism of action as that of morphine in equipotent (equianalgesic) doses. Methodone is an agonist with diphenyl structure (2 phenyl rings at the center). The psychological behaviour of methadone addiction is not as markedly abnormal as that of other pure agonists like heroin,
Propofol is a global central nervous system depressant. Propofol general anesthesia decreases cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and intracranial pressure (ICP). Decrease in CBF is more than sevoflurane. Propofol is a cerebral vasoconstrictor and thus lowers ICP. Propofol decreases ICP greater than isoflurane and sevoflurane while cerebral perfusion pressure is
Diazepam half life could be observed during rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, reaching peak concentrations in about 1 hour in adults and within 15 to 30 minutes in children. There is rapid uptake of diazepam into the brain, followed by redistribution to inactive tissue sites. The Vd of diazepam is large,
The midazolam half life elimination of IM administration is comparable to that observed following the IV administration. Midazolam is approximately 97% plasma protein-bound in normal subjects. In patients with chronic renal failure, the free fraction of drug in plasma can be significantly higher than in healthy adults. In animals and humans, Midazolam has shown to
Etomidate dosage may be viewed as an alternative to propofol or barbiturates for the IV induction of anaesthesia, especially in the presence of an unstable cardiovascular system. After a standard induction dose of 0.2 to 0.4 mg/kg IV, the onset of unconsciousness occurs within one arm-to-brain circulation time. Involuntary myoclonic movements are common during the
There are various ways of describing what is opioid. The common feature of all the drugs belonging to the group of these drugs is a phenanthrene ring with side chain and additional rings that might be added to the central ring itself or to the side chains. 1. Naturally occurring: morphine, codeine, kheline, noscapine, and thebaine. 2.
For induction of general anesthesia before administration of other anesthetic agents, Individual response to midazolam drip is variable, particularly when a narcotic premedicant is not used. The dosage should be titrated according to the patient’s age and clinical status. Midazolam drip is administered over 20 to 30 seconds, allowing 2 minutes for effect. The recommended
