Etomidate sedation infusion can be used as a suitable alternative for neuroanesthesia when nitrous oxide is contraindicated. Etomidate sedation (100 micrograms/kg/ minute) has been used as a part of total intravenous anesthetic technique with a mean recovery time of about 10 minutes. The infusion is associated with minimal incidences of side effects such as thrombophiebitis
Oxygenation capacity is the volume of oxygen at standard pressure and temperature carried by 100 mL of blood after saturation with room air. Oxygenation capacity includes the oxygen in combination with haemoglobin (1.39 mL/g) and oxygen in solution in plasma (0.3 mL). It should also be mentioned that most of the oxygen that dissolves in
Some Etomidate side effects are explained here. Some Patients receiving etomidate as intravenous injection for induction, frequently complain about pain. The incidence of pain is about 20% and associated with the conventional formulation due to its solvent propylene glycol which causes direct injury to vascular endothelium resulting in pain and venous sequelae. Pain on injection
Interventional techniques of musculoskeletal chronic pain management include use of nerve blocks, root blocks, rhizotomies, cordotomy, etc. Musculoskeletal chronic pain management is required during the following : 1. Low back pain – Lumbosacral, spinal/vertebral syndromes – Radiculopathy – Prolapsed intervertebral disc – Lumbar canal stenosis 2. Neuropathies: Trigeminal neuralgias (Tic doloroux) 3. Phantom limb pain,
The discussion about chronic pain management anesthesiology is incomplete until and unless the very important aspect of pain is taken into wider consideration which is the chronic pain. Chronic pain is the major symptom of the majority of the patients presenting at outpatient clinics. It is the most commonly overlooked, misunderstood or wrongly labeled and
To know about Ketamine mechanism of action we need to know that Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist to the phencyclidine site of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor for glutamate, though Ketamine mechanism of action has effects that are mediated by interaction with many others receptors. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonism : NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are
Diethyl ether (C2H5-O-C2H5) is one of the metabolically safe non-halogenated anesthetics . About 6% is metabolized in the liver to ethanol and acetaldehyde, thereafter to acetic acid and onto carbon dioxide and water. Examples of non-halogenated anesthetics Divinyl ether Cyclopropane Trichloroethylene Non-halogenated anesthetics are all anesthetic agents mostly inhalation agents that do not contain a hologen in their structure. Divinyl
Midazolam, 0.2 mg/kg IV, for induction of intravenous versed anesthesia produces a greater decrease in systemic blood pressure and increase in heart rate than does diazepam, 0.5 mg/kg IV. The haemodynamic effects of midazolam are significant in humans. In normal humans, midazolam, 0.15 mg/kg IV over 15 seconds, produces statistically significant reduction in systolic (5%)
Benzodiazepine half life is commonly administered through oral, intramuscular and intravenous routes. Intramuscular absorption of diazepam is erratic, whereas midazolam and benzodiazepine half life have good bioavailability through this route. Diazepam and lorazepam are well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. However, meals and antacids may decrease absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Midazolam has also been used
The respiratory effects of Ketamine bronchodilation are noticeable, mainly involving bronchodilation, which is mainly observed in asthmatic patients. Supposedly, Ketamine bronchodilation relaxes the bronchiolar musculature and prevents the bronchoconstriction induced by histamine, which would be an obvious advantage for asthmatic patients. The bronchodilatory activity is as effective as halothane or enflurane in preventing experimentally-induced Ketamine
