From time immemorial mankind has been aware of opium classification . The word opium itself is derived from Greek word for juice. Arabian traders popularized it and introduced it to Europe. Paracelsus (1493—1541) reintroduced it and made it popular. It was at one time considered as “God’s own medicine” and used in various remedies from […]
Propofol exhibits dose-dependent effects on memory. Infusions of propofol amnesia for conscious sedation produce concentrations below those required for consistent amnesia. In the study by Matsuki et al. Propofol and midazolam did not differ in amnesic effects to non-invasive stimuli. However, for invasive stimuli, midazolam showed a stronger amnesic effect at the moderate sedation level,
Several effects of ketamine are discussed here. Ketamine can attenuate important pro-inflammatory key functions of neutrophils in vitro, by inhibiting activated neutrophils, although these inhibitory effects are similar for racemic ketamine and its isomers. Thus ketamine might have role in limiting tissue injury in sepsis or ischemia/reperfusion. In the patients with sepsis caused by gram-negative
Based on the pharmacokinetic parameters and reported clinical experience in preterm and term midazolam in neonates , continuous IV infusion of midazolam should be initiated at a rate of 0.0005 to 0.001 mg/kg/mm (0.5 to 1 mcg/kg/min). IV loading doses should not be used with midazolam in neonates ; rather the infusion may be run
As a group, paediatric patients generally require higher doses of midazolam than do adults and younger children may require higher doses than older children. In obese individuals, the midazolam syrup dose should be calculated based on ideal body weight. Oral premedication: Oral midazolam syrup is effective for sedation and anxiolysis at the doses of 0.25—1
Despite the rapid clearance of propofol pharmacokinetics by metabolism, there is no evidence of impaired elimination in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Chronic alcoholism does not change the propofol pharmacokinetics significantly. Extrahepatic elimination of propofol occurs during the anhepatic phase of orthotopic liver transplantation. Renal dysfunction does not influence the clearance of propofol. Patients
IV lasix or Furosemide is a loop diuretic that acts by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride (via the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. IV lasix enhances the excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and water. IV lasix is used frequently in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting
Following are the therapeutic uses of opioid analgesics : 1. Pain relief: By any and all the possible routes, these drugs have been given to relieve the pain—acute, surgical, non-surgical, visceral, somatic, chronic, and oncogenic, non-oncogenic. 2. Morphine is drug of choice in IHD, myocardial infarction, obstetric analgesia. 3. Dyspnoea: Especially due to left ventricular
Midazolam metabolism is carried out rapidly by hepatic and small intestine cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) enzymes to active and inactive metabolites. The principal metabolite of midazolam is 1-hydroxymidazolam, which has approximately half the activity of the parent compound. This active midazolam metabolism is rapidly conjugated to 1-hydroxymidazolam glucuronide and is subsequently cleared by the kidneys. This
Use of midazolam in seizures has been used intravenously to treat acute attack of seizure effectively. Recent studies proved its usefulness through oral and intranasal route to control acute seizure attack particularly in children. The efficacy of intranasal and oral midazolam in seizures in hospitalized patients was similar to, and even higher than, that of
