Propofol exhibits dose-dependent effects on memory. Infusions of propofol amnesia for conscious sedation produce concentrations below those required for consistent amnesia. In the study by Matsuki et al. Propofol and midazolam did not differ in amnesic effects to non-invasive stimuli. However, for invasive stimuli, midazolam showed a stronger amnesic effect at the moderate sedation level, […]
Pain with propofol injection occurs in majority of patients. Propofol injection pain can be reduced by the following methods explained here. Propofol causes pain or discomfort on injection in 28% to 90% of awake patients. A number of techniques have been tried for minimizing propofol injection pain with variable results. The propofol injection pain decreases
Diethyl ether (C2H5-O-C2H5) is one of the metabolically safe non-halogenated anesthetics . About 6% is metabolized in the liver to ethanol and acetaldehyde, thereafter to acetic acid and onto carbon dioxide and water. Examples of non-halogenated anesthetics Divinyl ether Cyclopropane Trichloroethylene Non-halogenated anesthetics are all anesthetic agents mostly inhalation agents that do not contain a hologen in their structure. Divinyl
Bradycardia and asystole have been observed after induction of anesthesia with propofol. The risk of propofol bradycardia related death during propofol anesthesia has been estimated to be 1.4 in 100,000. Severe, refractory, and fatal bradycardia has been observed with long-term propofol bradycardia infusion. In contrast to thiopentone, propofol apparently lacks central vagolytic activity and may
Commonly administered IV anesthetics can cause excitatory effects that my manifest as spontaneous movements, such as etomidate myoclonus ,dystonia, and tremor. These spontaneous movements, particularly myoclonus, occur in 50% to 80% of patients receiving etomidate in the absence of premedication. In one report, 87% of patients receiving etomidate developed excitatory effects, of which 69% were
Propofol uses includes that, it does not trigger malignant hyperthermia in susceptible patients or experimental animals. The major Propofol uses are its use as Anesthetic agent or as a sedative. It is the drug most commonly used for induction of anesthesia. It can also be used for maintenance of anesthesia when it is ran as
Broadly chronic pain syndrome type can be classified on the basis of aetiopathological origin of the syndrome of chronic pain. The advantage of using this classification is that while deciding the modality of control and management it becomes simpler to choose specific plan of management. 1. Non-oncogenic chronic pain: Chronic pain commonly seen in skeletal
John Mayow of Oxford in 1674 first observed that a component of air is essential for respiration and fire. Stephen Hale prepared oxygen along with other gases in 1927, thus making a memorable mark in the history of oxygen . Discovery, importance and history of oxygen are credited to Priestly (1777), who named it as
The use of tens electrical stimulation to reduce the pain especially of postoperative nature is the main use of this technique. The tens electrical stimulation principle is again based on “gate control theory” of Melzaek and Wall, viz: small fibres stimulation leads to transmission of nociceptive stimuli via substantia gelatinosa (SG) cells which act as
In patients with acute renal failure, total body clearance is lower and the elimination half-life, while considering midazolam duration of action becomes longer than in patients with normal kidney function. In patients with impaired kidney function, the excretion of 1-hydroxymethyl midazolam glucuronide, the major metabolite of midazolam, is impaired. In healthy children aged 1 year
