The versed side effects related to Respiratory are respiratory arrest, respiratory failure, apnoea, hypoxia, oxygen desaturation. Danger of respiratory disorders may increase when midazolam is administered with opioids. Therefore, the dosage of both agents should be reduced. Limited information is available from published literature regarding the use of midazolam in paediatric patients. However, based on […]
Broadly chronic pain syndrome type can be classified on the basis of aetiopathological origin of the syndrome of chronic pain. The advantage of using this classification is that while deciding the modality of control and management it becomes simpler to choose specific plan of management. 1. Non-oncogenic chronic pain: Chronic pain commonly seen in skeletal
A syrup is effective for producing sedation and anxiolysis at a Midazolam oral dose of 0.25 mg/kg with minimal effect on ventilation even when administered at doses as large as 1 mg/kg. Midazolam oral is the most commonly used oral preoperative medication for children. Midazolam oral dose which is, 0.5 mg/kg given orally 30 minutes before
Etomidate causes adrenocortical suppression by producing a dose-dependent inhibition of the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol. This is known as Etomidate adrenal suppression Cortisol and aldosterone are depressed by etomidate, but the clinical relevance is minimal after a single bolus injection. Etomidate adrenal suppression causes a specific and reversible blockade of the 11 beta-hydroxylation of
Midazolam structure is characterized by pH dependent ring opening phenomenon in which the ring remains open at pH values of less than 4, thus maintaining its water solubility. The pK of midazolam is 6.15, which permits the preparations of salts to be water soluble. The parenteral solution of midazolam used clinically is buffered to an
Activation of NMDA receptors has been implicated in cerebral ischaemic damage. Therefore, by its antagonistic effect on NMDA receptors, Ketamine seizures may have a possible neuroprotective role. Systemic administration of ketamine has been reported to have neuroprotective effect, in terms of preoperative treatment, in preventing ischaemic and postischaemic spinal cord injury during thoracic and thoracoabdominal
The chronic pain syndrome pathophysiology is disturbance in the process of acute nociception. The processes of transduction, transmission, modulation and perception have somehow got disturbed. The pain stimuli which were supposed to be sent forward before closing of gate, get more and more intensely forwarded rather than getting modulated. In addition, due to sustained partial
Pain control is an important aspect of critical care medicine and the use of opiate medications has typically been an important method of achieving control in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. The brain has four opiate receptors that include the mu, kappa, delta, and sigma receptors. Currently used opioid analgesics bind to the mu
The pharmacokinetics of ketamine is characterized by rapid onset of action, relatively short duration of action, and high lipid solubility. Ketamine half life has a pK of 7.5 at physiologic pH. Ketamine half life can be given by multiple routes: IV, TM, SC, oral, sublingual, rectal, nasal, transdermal, epidural, or intrathecal. Peak plasma concentrations of
With respect to inhalation agent anesthetic , an increase in cardiac output and the consequent increased pulmonary blood flow removes more general anesthetic from the alveoli. The alveolar venous anesthetic gradient is determined by the amount of tissue uptake of an inhalation agent anesthetic . This depends on the tissue solubility, tissue blood flow and
