Propofol mechanism of action exerts its sedative hypnotic effects through a GABA receptor interaction. GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. When GABAA receptors are activated, transmembrane chloride conductance increases, resulting in hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane and functional inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron. The interaction of propofol mechanism of action also […]
Propofol phosphate, a water soluble propofol prodrug which is enzymatically converted to propofol, formaldehyde and inorganic phosphate, has been shown to produce sedation and anesthesia. A vegetarian formulation of propofol, Cleofol, has been used in a patient from the Jam community of India. Because it contains no lipid vehicles it is devoid of triglyceridaemia and
Propofol is an insoluble drug that requires a lipid vehicle for emulsification. The standard propofol emulsion formulation contains 10% soya oil as the oil phase and egg lecithin as the emulsifying agent that is composed of long-chain triglycerides. This formulation supports bacterial growth new formulations contain preservatives with bactericidal action, such as propofol with EDTA
Anesthetic propofol is a potent intravenous hypnotic agent which is widely used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Propofol is a phenolic (2, 6-diisopropylphenol) derivative that is structurally unrelated to other sedative hypnotic agents. It has been used extensively as an anesthetic propofol agent, particularly in procedures of short duration. More recently it has
One of the lorazepam uses , is that the Lorazepam undergoes reliable absorption after oral and I.M. injection. After oral administration, maximal plasma concentrations of lorazepam occur in 2 to 4 hours and persist at therapeutic levels for up to 24 to 48 hours. The recommended oral dose of lorazepam uses preoperative medication which is
Midazolam effects cerebral metabolic oxygen requirement (CMRO2) by decreasing it and cerebral blood flow, analogous to barbiturates and propofol. It causes dose-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow in brain regions associated with the normal functioning of arousal, attention, and memory. Patients with decreased intracranial compliance show little or no change in intra-cranial pressure when
Midazolam use is helpful with hypnotic amnesic during maintenance of general anesthesia. It proved superior to thiopental because fewer adjuvant anesthetics are required to maintain an acceptable depth of anesthesia. Midazolam use , however, cannot be implemented alone to maintain adequate anesthesia. It may be used with inhalational drugs as well. The MAC of halothane
Aging and liver disease affect glucuronidation less than oxidative metabolic pathways. And thus, lorazepam, oxazepam, benzodiazepines in the elderly and temazepam are preferentially used in elderly patients over other benzodiazepines as they are metabolized only by glucuronidation and have no active metabolites. Elderly patients may also be intrinsically sensitive to benzodiazepines, suggesting that the enhanced
Midazolam drug interactions should be taken into account before administering this medication. The hypnotic effect of IV Midazolam and the risk of apnoea are accentuated by premedication, particularly narcotics (e.g., morphine, meperidine and fentanyl), secobarbital, and the droperidol-fentanyl combination. Consequently, the midazolam drug interactions should be adjusted according to the type and amount of premedication
The midazolam dose must be carefully individualized. In elderly and debilitated patients, lower doses are required. The midazolam dose should further be adjusted according to the type and amount of premedication used. Excess doses or rapid IV administration may result in respiratory depression and/or arrest, particularly in elderly or debilitated patients. For IM use, midazolam
