The action of Opoid crisis on hypothalamic nuclei also may be involved in producing slight fall in the body temperature. Modulation of pain through diencephalic areas like periaqueductal grey, thalamic center and hypothalamic areas is produced. The mid-brain (Mesencephalon) basal nuclei, especially due to excitation of parasympathetic region of Edinger Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nerve
There are several uses of barbiturates . Thiopental sodium is used as (1) the sole anesthetic agent for brief (15 minute) procedures, (2) for induction of anesthesia prior to administration of other anesthetic agents, (3) to supplement regional anesthesia, (4) to provide hypnosis during balanced anesthesia with other agents for analgesia or muscle relaxation, (5)
Physiological response to hypoxia is commonly seen. It depends upon speed and severity of the oxygen lack. The response may be direct or indirect. The direct Hypoxia effects are on cardiorespiratory systems and the secondary effects are due to the failure of organs like brain, liver, kidney and heart. The Hypoxia effects on these organs
Barbiturates list is explained in detail in this article. Thiopentone is prepared commercially from highly alkaline solutions as sodium salt that is readily soluble in water or saline. It is supplied as a yellowish, hygroscopic powder. The pH of a 2.5% solution of thiopental is 10.5. The following is a list of Barbiturates in common
All barbiturates metabolism is in the liver. In Barbiturates metabolism , the haemodilution in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes reduction in total drug concentration and protein binding fraction at the onset of CPB. This decrease in protein binding is counteracted by the dilution of unbound drug, resulting in a stable unbound concentration throughout CPB. The inactive metabolites
Propofol contamination in an emulsion formulation, has been associated with infective complications. It becomes contaminated once the ampoules have been opened. Propofol contamination supports the growth of all microorganisms. Diphtheroid bacilli and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequent microorganisms. Others are E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. Adding lidocaine, or storing opened ampoules at
The effect of propofol on blood pressure is that it decreases systemic blood pressure. This decrease in propofol blood pressure is often accompanied by corresponding changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Propofol decreases afterload more than thiopental and thus reduces systemic arterial pressure more than thiopental. Propofol preferentially decreases SVR without a significant
Midazolam use is helpful with hypnotic amnesic during maintenance of general anesthesia. It proved superior to thiopental because fewer adjuvant anesthetics are required to maintain an acceptable depth of anesthesia. Midazolam use , however, cannot be implemented alone to maintain adequate anesthesia. It may be used with inhalational drugs as well. The MAC of halothane
Propofol has a chemical structure similar to that of phenol-based free radical scavengers such as vitamin E, and reduces free radicals. This Propofol antioxidant may directly intervene at the critical phase of reperfusion injury by reducing free radicals, Ca 2+ influx and neutrophil activity. Oxygen leads to the formation of free oxygen radicals which react
Critically ill patients often require cardiac inotrope and/or cardiac pressors support to maintain adequate cardiac output and adequate blood pressure to sustain end-organ perfusion. Because end-organ perfusion has already likely been compromised and may continue to be problematic despite use of these agents, anaerobic metabolism rather than aerobic metabolism is likely to be generating a
