Oral transmucosal etomidate produces dose-related increases in sedation and clinically significant serum concentrations. Animal studies documented etomidate as highly permeable through the buccal mucosa with rapid onset and offset suggesting that oral transmucosal etomidate might be useful when brief mild to moderate sedation with rapid recovery is desirable. Oral transmucosal etomidate exhibited linear pharmacokinetics with
Cause of hypoxia Common cause of hypoxia and Cyanosis are : 1. Factors present before the operation • Oedema of glottis • Ludwig’s angina • Bilateral quinsy 2. Carcinoma of larynx 3. Tracheal compression and stenosis due to any cause 4. Foreign body in bronchus 5. Carcinoma of bronchus 6. Acute or chronic bronchial asthma
Incidences of anaphylaxis have been reported after induction with thiopental. The incidence of barbiturate allergy is estimated to be 1 per 30,000 patients. The majority of the patients who suffer from anaphylaxis due to barbiturate allergy also possess history of chronic allergy. Barbiturate Allergic reactions include urticaria, angioneurotic edema, other skin reactions, agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenic
The detailed description of half life of phenobarbital is discussed here. Thiopentone produces hypnosis within 30 to 40 seconds of intravenous injection. For the half life of phenobarbital , the time required for equilibration of the brain with the thiopental concentration in the blood (effect-site equilibration time) is rapid. Recovery after a small dose is
For the Alveolar partial pressure of oxygen we see, Increasing the inspired concentration (F1) of an anesthetic agent increases the alveolar concentration (FA). A 75% nitrous oxide (N20) in oxygen mixture increases the FI/FA ratio of N2O. The amount of nitrous oxide absorbed will be greater than the nitrogen given out in the alveoli, hence
The pharmacodynamics of inhaled anesthetics is discussed here in detail. The action of inhalation agents are as follows: I. Pulmonary effects 2. Cardiovascular effects 3. Metabolism 4. Toxicity Pulmonary Effects: For pharmacodynamics of inhaled anesthetics , the pulmonary effects of inhalation agents are many and important as this is the portal of entry. There are
The versed side effects related to Respiratory are respiratory arrest, respiratory failure, apnoea, hypoxia, oxygen desaturation. Danger of respiratory disorders may increase when midazolam is administered with opioids. Therefore, the dosage of both agents should be reduced. Limited information is available from published literature regarding the use of midazolam in paediatric patients. However, based on
For the phenobarbital metabolism the binding of thiopentone in human serum is about 85% and remarkably constant over the concentration range between 4 and 80 micrograms/mL. The higher percentage of protein binding occurs at lower plasma concentrations of thiopental In phenobarbital metabolism . The percentage binding increases with increasing pH from approximate 75% at pH
Among benzodiazepine equivalence , differences in the onset and duration of action are due to their potency, lipid solubility and pharmacokinetics. Benzodiazepine equivalence is used to understand the relative differences in the action and effects of the different types of benzodiazepines. All benzodiazepines are highly lipid soluble and are highly bound to plasma proteins, especially
Perioperative steroids are steroids that are used before, during or after a surgery. Human steroids are produced by the adrenal gland and are under the direct or indirect control of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. The two major classes of steroids that have significant clinical metabolic effects are the glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol), which regulate
