Treatment modalities in pain management play an important role when dealing with different circumstances which include the following : 1. Treatment of Disease (Cancer) in pain management : After the diagnosis and confirmation, appropriate therapy has to be started, especially for symptom ‘pain’. Symptom like mucositis, dysphagia etc, can be controlled by using local anesthetics, […]
Etomidate dosage may be viewed as an alternative to propofol or barbiturates for the IV induction of anaesthesia, especially in the presence of an unstable cardiovascular system. After a standard induction dose of 0.2 to 0.4 mg/kg IV, the onset of unconsciousness occurs within one arm-to-brain circulation time. Involuntary myoclonic movements are common during the
The sedative effect of benzodiazepines and opiods is potentiated by other CNS depressants including alcohol, barbiturates, inhaled and injected anesthetics, and opioids. Anesthetic requirements for inhaled and injected anesthetics are decreased by benzodiazepines and opiods . Benzodiazepines decrease the MAC value of inhaled anesthetics. Benzodiazepines, especially midazolam, potentiate the ventilatory depressant effects of opioids, though
Emergence from ketamine anesthesia in the postoperative period may be associated with audiovisual ketamine hallucinations , confusional state, which may progress to delirium, proprioceptive disturbances (feelings of detachment from the body) and slightly reduced ability to recall objects seen after administration of the drugs. The ability to recall objects seen immediately before drug exposure remains
The fact that total body clearance of propofol metabolism exceeds hepatic blood flow is consistent with extra hepatic clearance. Indeed hepatic clearance of propofol was approximately 60% of total body clearance.Pulmonary uptake of propofol is significant and influences the initial availability of propofol. Human lungs take part in the elimination of propofol by transforming the
The depth of propofol sedation increases in a dose dependent manner. The short context-sensitive half-time of propofol, even with prolonged periods of infusion, make this a readily titratable drug for production of IV sedation. The prompt recovery without residual sedation and low incidence of nausea and vomiting make propofol particularly well suited to ambulatory conscious
The effect of propofol on blood pressure is that it decreases systemic blood pressure. This decrease in propofol blood pressure is often accompanied by corresponding changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Propofol decreases afterload more than thiopental and thus reduces systemic arterial pressure more than thiopental. Propofol preferentially decreases SVR without a significant
The respiratory effects of Ketamine bronchodilation are noticeable, mainly involving bronchodilation, which is mainly observed in asthmatic patients. Supposedly, Ketamine bronchodilation relaxes the bronchiolar musculature and prevents the bronchoconstriction induced by histamine, which would be an obvious advantage for asthmatic patients. The bronchodilatory activity is as effective as halothane or enflurane in preventing experimentally-induced Ketamine
Physiological response to hypoxia is commonly seen. It depends upon speed and severity of the oxygen lack. The response may be direct or indirect. The direct Hypoxia effects are on cardiorespiratory systems and the secondary effects are due to the failure of organs like brain, liver, kidney and heart. The Hypoxia effects on these organs
One may ask what is methylene blue ? Methylene blue is a water-soluble blue thiazine dye used most commonly as a treatment for methemoglobinemia or as an indicator dye. Its utility as an indicator dye has been applied to several clinical situations including identification of aspiration or placement of nasogastric tubes in critically ill patients;
