The detailed description of half life of phenobarbital is discussed here. Thiopentone produces hypnosis within 30 to 40 seconds of intravenous injection. For the half life of phenobarbital , the time required for equilibration of the brain with the thiopental concentration in the blood (effect-site equilibration time) is rapid. Recovery after a small dose is […]
The effect of agonist drug of opoid group have a lot of impact as listed: Cough: The cough center in medulla is suppressed, leading to antitussive action. Pure agonists especially related with codeine have pronounced effect. Nausea and Vomiting: The emesis is usually due to direct stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of area postrema of the
Reactions such as agitation, involuntary movements, hyperactivity and combativeness are usually reported during midazolam administration . Should such reactions occur, the response to each dose of midazolam and all other drugs, including local anesthetics, should be evaluated before proceeding with the midazolam administration of the drug. For induction of general anaesthesia in healthy patients, the
Diazepam metabolism is carried out by hepatic microsomal enzymes using an oxidative pathway of N-demethylation with the production of desmethyldiazepam, oxazepam, and to a lesser extent temazepam as metabolites. Desmethyl diazepam is metabolized more slowly than oxazepam and is only slightly less potent than diazepam. These metabolites contribute to the sustained effect of diazepam. The
Phenobarbital status epilepticus that does not respond to first-line benzodiazepines (lorazepam or diazepam) or to second-line antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin/fosphenytoin, phenobarbital or valproate) is usually considered refractory and requires more aggressive treatment. Barbiturate anaesthetics, such as pentobarbital and thiopental sodium, are the most frequently used agents and are highly effective for refractory GCSE both in children
Clinical Features for acute opioid toxicity treatment is necessary at times.The clinical occurrence of acute opioid toxicity is due to any of the following three main reasons: • Clinical overdosage: Either iatrogenic or patient-controlled analgesia pumps. • Accidental overdosage by addicts. • Attempts at suicide. Whatever might be the cause, “high degree of suspicion” is
Some Etomidate side effects are explained here. Some Patients receiving etomidate as intravenous injection for induction, frequently complain about pain. The incidence of pain is about 20% and associated with the conventional formulation due to its solvent propylene glycol which causes direct injury to vascular endothelium resulting in pain and venous sequelae. Pain on injection
Hypoxia mechanism Following phases are included in the Hypoxia mechanism : 1. Anoxic hypoxia—Gas phase. There is inadequate supply of oxygen to the lungs, or the lung is not functioning properly. 2. Anemic hypoxia—Fluid hypoxia (phase). There is a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. 3. Stagnant hypoxia—Fluid phase. There is decreases
Ketamine is associated with psychedelic effects and dependence. Well the question here arises is that Is Ketamine addictive ? These effects are dose-related and comprised of multimodal hallucinatory experiences, a sense of slowing, paranoid ideation and enhancement of sexual, musical and sensory enjoyment. The mechanisms of these phenomena are largely due to its complex multi-receptors
It is rapidly distributed in the body with a propofol half life of only around 2 mm and has an efficient hepatic and extra hepatic clearance. Because the total body clearance may exceed liver blood flow, an extrahepatic metabolism or extrarenal elimination has been suggested. Hepatic metabolism is rapid and extensive, resulting in inactive, water-soluble
