Barbiturates list is explained in detail in this article. Thiopentone is prepared commercially from highly alkaline solutions as sodium salt that is readily soluble in water or saline. It is supplied as a yellowish, hygroscopic powder. The pH of a 2.5% solution of thiopental is 10.5. The following is a list of Barbiturates in common […]
The detailed description of half life of phenobarbital is discussed here. Thiopentone produces hypnosis within 30 to 40 seconds of intravenous injection. For the half life of phenobarbital , the time required for equilibration of the brain with the thiopental concentration in the blood (effect-site equilibration time) is rapid. Recovery after a small dose is
Activation of NMDA receptors has been implicated in cerebral ischaemic damage. Therefore, by its antagonistic effect on NMDA receptors, Ketamine seizures may have a possible neuroprotective role. Systemic administration of ketamine has been reported to have neuroprotective effect, in terms of preoperative treatment, in preventing ischaemic and postischaemic spinal cord injury during thoracic and thoracoabdominal
Ketamine is associated with psychedelic effects and dependence. Well the question here arises is that Is Ketamine addictive ? These effects are dose-related and comprised of multimodal hallucinatory experiences, a sense of slowing, paranoid ideation and enhancement of sexual, musical and sensory enjoyment. The mechanisms of these phenomena are largely due to its complex multi-receptors
The effect of Ketamine on brain the Ketamine is traditionally considered to increase cerebral blood flow and CMRO2 however, positron emission tomography shows that subanesthetic doses of racemic ketamine increase cerebral blood flow with a minor increase in regional CBV but do not affect oxygen consumption significantly. The most profound changes in regional CBF with Ketamine on
Ketamine Uses are many; here we are describing some of them. NMDA antagonists like ketamine were shown to be effective in suppressing the symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Subanesthetic doses (0.5 mg/kg/hour) of ketamine are effective in the correction of acute precipitated opiate withdrawal. Its use as an sedative is well known. The most common use
The Ketamine induction dose of anaesthesia is, 1 to 2 mg/kg IV or 4 to 8 mg/kg IM. Injection of ketamine IV does not produce pain or venous irritation. Consciousness is lost in 30 to 60 seconds after IV administration and in 2 to 4 minutes after IM injection. Unconsciousness is associated with maintenance of
Ketamine interactions potentiates all non depolarizing muscle relaxants in a dose-dependent manner. Ketamine improves the intubating condition when used with rocuronium. Halothane anesthesia by decreasing uptake, distribution, redistribution and metabolism of ketamine produces significant prolongation of its pharmacologic action on the central nervous system. Ketamine administered in the presence of volatile anesthetics may result in
The respiratory effects of Ketamine bronchodilation are noticeable, mainly involving bronchodilation, which is mainly observed in asthmatic patients. Supposedly, Ketamine bronchodilation relaxes the bronchiolar musculature and prevents the bronchoconstriction induced by histamine, which would be an obvious advantage for asthmatic patients. The bronchodilatory activity is as effective as halothane or enflurane in preventing experimentally-induced Ketamine
Ketamine respiratory depression is considered to be the ideal anesthetic for asthmatic patients because it decreases the risk of bronchospasm during induction of anesthesia and preserves the pulmonary vasoconstriction reflex to hypoxia. It does not produce significant depression of ventilation. The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide is maintained during ketamine respiratory depression anesthesia. The respiratory
