This butorphanol drug class was introduced about 25-30 years back. That was the era of morphine, pethidine, so it did not gain much acceptance. But now re-introduced, has become a major “find”. It is a classical example of “resurrection”. Butorphanol is a morphinan derivative with spectrum of activity almost like pentazocine, only that it is 20 […]
Phenobarbital liver in the absence of other drugs, produces only modest decreases in hepatic blood flow. Induction doses of thiopental do not alter postoperative liver function tests. Barbiturates increase hepatic bile flow. However, there is no correlation between the increase in bile flow and the cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver. Thiopental decreases intraocular pressure
For the Barbiturate therapy , High-dose barbiturates appear to be useful adjuncts in the control of intracranial hypertension refractory to other methods of therapy. Barbiturates decrease ICP by decreasing cerebral blood volume through drug-induced cerebral vascular vasoconstriction and an associated decrease in cerebral blood flow. This therapy in used either as a anti seizure medication
All of these nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs side effects collectively lead to breach of the integrity of gastric mucosal lining, and gastric ulceration is the result. Following are the nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs side effects : Gastritis : As an overall decrease in production of prostaglandins takes place. Some of the protective PGs like PGE1, PGE2,and
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Lorazepam drip or Ativan drip is a frequently used sedative in the intensive care unit (ICU). It is a benzodiazepine that can be administered enterally, as intermittent parenteral doses, or as a continuous infusion. The beneficial effects of lorazepam drip include anterograde amnesia and an opioid-sparing effect via a moderation of the anticipatory pain response.
Diethyl ether (C2H5-O-C2H5) is one of the metabolically safe non-halogenated anesthetics . About 6% is metabolized in the liver to ethanol and acetaldehyde, thereafter to acetic acid and onto carbon dioxide and water. Examples of non-halogenated anesthetics Divinyl ether Cyclopropane Trichloroethylene Non-halogenated anesthetics are all anesthetic agents mostly inhalation agents that do not contain a hologen in their structure. Divinyl
The sedative effect of benzodiazepines and opiods is potentiated by other CNS depressants including alcohol, barbiturates, inhaled and injected anesthetics, and opioids. Anesthetic requirements for inhaled and injected anesthetics are decreased by benzodiazepines and opiods . Benzodiazepines decrease the MAC value of inhaled anesthetics. Benzodiazepines, especially midazolam, potentiate the ventilatory depressant effects of opioids, though
Propofol at common clinical concentrations-is potent ventilatory depressant and therefore it is sometimes common with the name propofol respiratory depression . The Propofol respiratory depression of ventilation is dose dependent. After induction of anesthesia with propofol apnoea occurs in 25% to 35% of patients which may persist till 3 minutes. It reduces tidal volume (by
Ketamine cardiovascular effects resemble sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Indeed, a direct negative cardiac inotropic effect is usually overshadowed by central sympathetic stimulation. HR and BP rise were similar between S(+)ketamine and racemic mixture. Systemic blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac work, and myocardial oxygen requirements all are increased after IV administration of ketamine cardiovascular
Aging and liver disease affect glucuronidation less than oxidative metabolic pathways. And thus, lorazepam, oxazepam, benzodiazepines in the elderly and temazepam are preferentially used in elderly patients over other benzodiazepines as they are metabolized only by glucuronidation and have no active metabolites. Elderly patients may also be intrinsically sensitive to benzodiazepines, suggesting that the enhanced
