Several effects of ketamine are discussed here. Ketamine can attenuate important pro-inflammatory key functions of neutrophils in vitro, by inhibiting activated neutrophils, although these inhibitory effects are similar for racemic ketamine and its isomers. Thus ketamine might have role in limiting tissue injury in sepsis or ischemia/reperfusion. In the patients with sepsis caused by gram-negative […]
Nikethamide is a drug used for stimulating the brain. Its chemical name is nicotinic acid diethylamide. Nikethamide is a cerebral stimulant and a good analeptic. It stimulates respiration due to an effect on respiratory center and not through the chemoreceptors of the carotid and aortic bodies. It has a vasoconstrictor effect on the peripheral circulation. It has
Some barbiturates effects are explained here. The thiopental sodium causes profound fall in cerebral blood flow (35 to 40%) and thus ICP. Thiopentone also causes profound decrease in CMRO2. Thiopentone increases Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). The barbiturates effects increased the amplitudes of subcortical and early cortical components of somatosensory evoked potentials. Even full suppression of
The etomidate pharmacokinetics is altered in the elderly, with a decrease in initial distribution volume and clearance (a decrease of 2 mL/min/kg every decade). Compared to normal patients, the cirrhotic patients have normal clearance rates, suggesting that cirrhotic patients metabolize etomidate normally, but the distribution volume and elimination half-life were twice as great. A 30%
Partial agonist buprenorphine is an opioid, which strikingly differs chemically from other opioids, in that it is not related to morphine, but to another alkaloid called thebaine. So buprenorphine is a semi synthetic opioid. Pharmacodynamically, partial agonist buprenorphine is highly potent. 0.3 mg is equianalgesic with 10 mg of morphine. It has a 50 times
Various drugs than but with either less potency, or slight variation in their spectrum of pethidine cns excitation are included. Phenyl piperidines: Meperidine, phenoperidine Diphenyl compounds: Methadone, dextropropoxyphene Miscellaneous: Oxycodeine, hydrocoedine There are specific differences of these drugs as per their clinical importance of pethidine cns excitation. The equianalgesic dosages and potencies of various opioids
Propofol exhibits dose-dependent effects on memory. Infusions of propofol amnesia for conscious sedation produce concentrations below those required for consistent amnesia. In the study by Matsuki et al. Propofol and midazolam did not differ in amnesic effects to non-invasive stimuli. However, for invasive stimuli, midazolam showed a stronger amnesic effect at the moderate sedation level,
For the Alveolar partial pressure of oxygen we see, Increasing the inspired concentration (F1) of an anesthetic agent increases the alveolar concentration (FA). A 75% nitrous oxide (N20) in oxygen mixture increases the FI/FA ratio of N2O. The amount of nitrous oxide absorbed will be greater than the nitrogen given out in the alveoli, hence
Vasopressin dose should be calculated before giving. Vasopressin is the exogenous, parenteral form of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that may be used for several conditions in the intensive care unit (ICU), including the treatment of central diabetes insipidus and as a vasopressor agent in shock. Endogenous vasopressin dose is an important stress hormone and plays a
The mechanisms for ketamine induced cardiovascular effects are complex and also Ketamine effect on blood pressure characteristics. Direct stimulation of the CNS leading to increased sympathetic nervous system outflow seems to be the most important mechanism for cardiovascular stimulation. One of the characteristic of Ketamine is related to blood pressure and is therefore termed as
