Perioperative steroids are steroids that are used before, during or after a surgery. Human steroids are produced by the adrenal gland and are under the direct or indirect control of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. The two major classes of steroids that have significant clinical metabolic effects are the glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol), which regulate
Drugs like sufentanil, alfentanil, fentanyl and other opiates although belong to phenyl piperidine group like pethidine (meperidine), their spectrum of action is more morphine-mimicking, more like mediated through β endorphin and t receptors. Actually there are some very striking differences between the two: Fentanyl and other opiates unlike, morphine, is very highly lipid soluble, so
Ketamine produces effective sedation, hence also known as Ketamine sedation . In pediatric patients for short surgical procedures or for putting intravenous catheters before IV induction ketamine has shown effective for producing sedation. It is highly effective with a wide margin of safety, and uniquely preserves protective airway reflexes and also does not require intravenous
The manifestations of midazolam overdose are sedation, somnolence, confusion, impaired coordination, diminished reflexes, and untoward effects on vital signs, coma and possible cardio respiratory arrest. Treatment of midazolam overdose is the same as that followed for overdosage with other benzodiazepines. Continuous monitoring of vital signs including ECG should be immediately instituted and general supportive measures
Diazepam effects produce minimal depressant effects on ventilation with 0.2 mg/kg IV dose in Respiration system. The slight increase in PaCO2 is due primarily to a decrease in tidal volume. Nevertheless, nearly, small doses of diazepam (<10 mg IV) have produced apnoea. Combination of diazepam with other CNS depressants (opioids, alcohol) or administration of this
John Mayow of Oxford in 1674 first observed that a component of air is essential for respiration and fire. Stephen Hale prepared oxygen along with other gases in 1927, thus making a memorable mark in the history of oxygen . Discovery, importance and history of oxygen are credited to Priestly (1777), who named it as
For sedation prior to anesthesia or procedures, for longer and/or more stimulating procedures, midazolam IM can be used to facilitate insertion of an IV catheter for titration of additional medication. Midazolam IM doses of 0.1 to 0.15 mg/kg are usually effective and do not prolong emergence from general anesthesia. For more anxious patients, doses up
Vasopressin dose should be calculated before giving. Vasopressin is the exogenous, parenteral form of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that may be used for several conditions in the intensive care unit (ICU), including the treatment of central diabetes insipidus and as a vasopressor agent in shock. Endogenous vasopressin dose is an important stress hormone and plays a
Pain with propofol injection occurs in majority of patients. Propofol injection pain can be reduced by the following methods explained here. Propofol causes pain or discomfort on injection in 28% to 90% of awake patients. A number of techniques have been tried for minimizing propofol injection pain with variable results. The propofol injection pain decreases
Depending upon mechanism of nsaid action involved the drugs can be specifically used to achieve the desired effects. The NSAIDs have been proven to block the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibition of the enzyme cyclo oxygenase. Cyclo-oxygenase (prostaglandin synthetase) is the enzyme involved in the cell membrane injury related destruction of phospholipids to arachidonic acid,
