Phenobarbital dosage include 3 to 5 mg/kg IV, produces rapid induction producing unconsciousness within 30 seconds. Although propofol is becoming the most popular drug for induction of anesthesia for its quick offset from anesthesia, thiopental is still in use due to its low cost in comparison particularly in developing countries. Phenobarbital dosage still remains the […]
Use of midazolam in seizures has been used intravenously to treat acute attack of seizure effectively. Recent studies proved its usefulness through oral and intranasal route to control acute seizure attack particularly in children. The efficacy of intranasal and oral midazolam in seizures in hospitalized patients was similar to, and even higher than, that of
For the phenobarbital metabolism the binding of thiopentone in human serum is about 85% and remarkably constant over the concentration range between 4 and 80 micrograms/mL. The higher percentage of protein binding occurs at lower plasma concentrations of thiopental In phenobarbital metabolism . The percentage binding increases with increasing pH from approximate 75% at pH
Among benzodiazepine equivalence , differences in the onset and duration of action are due to their potency, lipid solubility and pharmacokinetics. Benzodiazepine equivalence is used to understand the relative differences in the action and effects of the different types of benzodiazepines. All benzodiazepines are highly lipid soluble and are highly bound to plasma proteins, especially
The molecular mechanisms underlying the diverse actions remain unclear, although some of the midazolam mechanism of action and sites of action of benzodiazepines effects are known. Benzodiazepines appear to produce all their pharmacologic effects by facilitating the actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Benzodiazepines do not activate the GABAA
Midazolam infusion can be used either alone or combined with a narcotic immediately before the procedure, with supplemental doses to maintain the desired level of sedation throughout the procedure. For short endoscopic or short diagnostic procedures and direct current cardioversion, midazolam infusion of 1 mg/mL formulation is recommended for IV sedation to facilitate slow injection.
The management of methods of pain relief is and will always remain a challenging task for the clinicians. Many a times in spite of understanding the pathophysiology of pain, it becomes extremely difficult to control that pain. Most of the times the pathophysiology itself, may be shrouded in the mist of uncertain methods of pain
The discussion about chronic pain management anesthesiology is incomplete until and unless the very important aspect of pain is taken into wider consideration which is the chronic pain. Chronic pain is the major symptom of the majority of the patients presenting at outpatient clinics. It is the most commonly overlooked, misunderstood or wrongly labeled and
Subhypnotic doses of IV like Propofol 10 mg have been used to treat pruritus caused by neuraxial opioids. However, this beneficial effect has not been achieved in other studies. Propofol has been shown to possess antipruritic effect. Subhypnotic doses of propofol may be effective for the short-term symptomatic relief of pruritus associated with liver disease. Such
There are several oxygen physical properties : 1. Oxygen is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. 2. Specific gravity is 1.106. 3. Molecular weight is 32. 4. In normal atmospheric pressure it liquefies at 183°C. 5. Solubility in water is 2.4 volume% at 37°C and 4.9 volume% at 0°C. 6. Inflammibility—it cannot be ignited but its
