Perioperative steroids are steroids that are used before, during or after a surgery. Human steroids are produced by the adrenal gland and are under the direct or indirect control of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. The two major classes of steroids that have significant clinical metabolic effects are the glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol), which regulate […]
Midazolam structure is characterized by pH dependent ring opening phenomenon in which the ring remains open at pH values of less than 4, thus maintaining its water solubility. The pK of midazolam is 6.15, which permits the preparations of salts to be water soluble. The parenteral solution of midazolam used clinically is buffered to an
Autogenic training relaxation technique , systematic alternative tensing and relaxing of muscle groups is taught to patients (autogenic training) leading to deep relaxation and ability. In addition to these, diaphragmatic breathing, focused repetition of words/phrases/prayer (distraction), guided imagery, transcendental meditation, are additional methods used. • Pranic healing, • Psychic healing, • Magnetotherapy, • Aromatherapy, •
Propofol has a chemical structure similar to that of phenol-based free radical scavengers such as vitamin E, and reduces free radicals. This Propofol antioxidant may directly intervene at the critical phase of reperfusion injury by reducing free radicals, Ca 2+ influx and neutrophil activity. Oxygen leads to the formation of free oxygen radicals which react
The etomidate pharmacokinetics is altered in the elderly, with a decrease in initial distribution volume and clearance (a decrease of 2 mL/min/kg every decade). Compared to normal patients, the cirrhotic patients have normal clearance rates, suggesting that cirrhotic patients metabolize etomidate normally, but the distribution volume and elimination half-life were twice as great. A 30%
Ketamine respiratory depression is considered to be the ideal anesthetic for asthmatic patients because it decreases the risk of bronchospasm during induction of anesthesia and preserves the pulmonary vasoconstriction reflex to hypoxia. It does not produce significant depression of ventilation. The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide is maintained during ketamine respiratory depression anesthesia. The respiratory
As a group, paediatric patients generally require higher doses of midazolam than do adults and younger children may require higher doses than older children. In obese individuals, the midazolam syrup dose should be calculated based on ideal body weight. Oral premedication: Oral midazolam syrup is effective for sedation and anxiolysis at the doses of 0.25—1
A syrup is effective for producing sedation and anxiolysis at a Midazolam oral dose of 0.25 mg/kg with minimal effect on ventilation even when administered at doses as large as 1 mg/kg. Midazolam oral is the most commonly used oral preoperative medication for children. Midazolam oral dose which is, 0.5 mg/kg given orally 30 minutes before
Cause of hypoxia Common cause of hypoxia and Cyanosis are : 1. Factors present before the operation • Oedema of glottis • Ludwig’s angina • Bilateral quinsy 2. Carcinoma of larynx 3. Tracheal compression and stenosis due to any cause 4. Foreign body in bronchus 5. Carcinoma of bronchus 6. Acute or chronic bronchial asthma
The original formulation of Etomidate injection contains propylene glycol as a solvent contributing to a high incidence of pain during IV injection and occasional venous irritation. The newer lipid emulsion formulation is devoid of pain on injection and venous complications such as reddening, swelling, induration; as well as allergic reactions, whereas the incidence of myoclonus
