The action of Opoid crisis on hypothalamic nuclei also may be involved in producing slight fall in the body temperature. Modulation of pain through diencephalic areas like periaqueductal grey, thalamic center and hypothalamic areas is produced. The mid-brain (Mesencephalon) basal nuclei, especially due to excitation of parasympathetic region of Edinger Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nerve […]
Activation of NMDA receptors has been implicated in cerebral ischaemic damage. Therefore, by its antagonistic effect on NMDA receptors, Ketamine seizures may have a possible neuroprotective role. Systemic administration of ketamine has been reported to have neuroprotective effect, in terms of preoperative treatment, in preventing ischaemic and postischaemic spinal cord injury during thoracic and thoracoabdominal
From time immemorial mankind has been aware of opium classification . The word opium itself is derived from Greek word for juice. Arabian traders popularized it and introduced it to Europe. Paracelsus (1493—1541) reintroduced it and made it popular. It was at one time considered as “God’s own medicine” and used in various remedies from
Propofol uses includes that, it does not trigger malignant hyperthermia in susceptible patients or experimental animals. The major Propofol uses are its use as Anesthetic agent or as a sedative. It is the drug most commonly used for induction of anesthesia. It can also be used for maintenance of anesthesia when it is ran as
Etomidate causes adrenocortical suppression by producing a dose-dependent inhibition of the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol. This is known as Etomidate adrenal suppression Cortisol and aldosterone are depressed by etomidate, but the clinical relevance is minimal after a single bolus injection. Etomidate adrenal suppression causes a specific and reversible blockade of the 11 beta-hydroxylation of
Barbiturate drugs are defined as any drug derived from barbitunc acid. Barbituric acid, which lacks central nervous system (CNS) activity, is a cyclic compound obtained by the combination of urea and malonic acid. Barbiturate drugs with sedative hypnotic properties result from substitutions at the number 2 and 5 carbon atoms of barbituric acid. Barbiturates that
The drugs remain the main modality to achieve pharmacological management of pain . Various routes of administration for various drugs have been employed. The quest for an ideal, suitable analgesic continues. Conventionally three classes of drugs are employed to achieve various degrees of analgesia in pharmacological management of pain : 1. Opioids: For a long time
There are several uses of barbiturates . Thiopental sodium is used as (1) the sole anesthetic agent for brief (15 minute) procedures, (2) for induction of anesthesia prior to administration of other anesthetic agents, (3) to supplement regional anesthesia, (4) to provide hypnosis during balanced anesthesia with other agents for analgesia or muscle relaxation, (5)
Oral transmucosal etomidate produces dose-related increases in sedation and clinically significant serum concentrations. Animal studies documented etomidate as highly permeable through the buccal mucosa with rapid onset and offset suggesting that oral transmucosal etomidate might be useful when brief mild to moderate sedation with rapid recovery is desirable. Oral transmucosal etomidate exhibited linear pharmacokinetics with
Treatment modalities in pain management play an important role when dealing with different circumstances which include the following : 1. Treatment of Disease (Cancer) in pain management : After the diagnosis and confirmation, appropriate therapy has to be started, especially for symptom ‘pain’. Symptom like mucositis, dysphagia etc, can be controlled by using local anesthetics,
