The action of Opoid crisis on hypothalamic nuclei also may be involved in producing slight fall in the body temperature. Modulation of pain through diencephalic areas like periaqueductal grey, thalamic center and hypothalamic areas is produced. The mid-brain (Mesencephalon) basal nuclei, especially due to excitation of parasympathetic region of Edinger Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nerve […]
Ketamine respiratory depression is considered to be the ideal anesthetic for asthmatic patients because it decreases the risk of bronchospasm during induction of anesthesia and preserves the pulmonary vasoconstriction reflex to hypoxia. It does not produce significant depression of ventilation. The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide is maintained during ketamine respiratory depression anesthesia. The respiratory
Excitatory events following propofol administration are well described. The pathophysiology of these propofol myoclonus movements is not known. The drug should be used cautiously in patients with movement disorders. Miller’s anesthesia says the following about Propofol Myoclonus – Induction of anesthesia with propofol is associated with several side effects, including pain on injection, propofol myoclonus , apnea,
Pain with propofol injection occurs in majority of patients. Propofol injection pain can be reduced by the following methods explained here. Propofol causes pain or discomfort on injection in 28% to 90% of awake patients. A number of techniques have been tried for minimizing propofol injection pain with variable results. The propofol injection pain decreases
In shiatsu techniques relaxation , treatment is given to the selected points in the palms which are in connection with the different parts of the body. Acupressure means applying pressure to an Acu point representing the area of treatment in question. Sujok is a word derived from Korean word: Su means hand, Jok means feet
Midazolam structure is characterized by pH dependent ring opening phenomenon in which the ring remains open at pH values of less than 4, thus maintaining its water solubility. The pK of midazolam is 6.15, which permits the preparations of salts to be water soluble. The parenteral solution of midazolam used clinically is buffered to an
Oral transmucosal etomidate produces dose-related increases in sedation and clinically significant serum concentrations. Animal studies documented etomidate as highly permeable through the buccal mucosa with rapid onset and offset suggesting that oral transmucosal etomidate might be useful when brief mild to moderate sedation with rapid recovery is desirable. Oral transmucosal etomidate exhibited linear pharmacokinetics with
Diazepam IV is a highly lipid-soluble benzodiazepine with a more prolonged duration of action compared with midazolam. Diazepam IV is dissolved in organic solvents (propylene glycol, sodium benzoate) because it is insoluble in water. Dilution with water or saline causes cloudiness but does not alter the potency of the drug. Injection by either the IM
Glucocorticoid therapy are most commonly used to mitigate an inflammatory response. They are used in a wide variety of patient populations seen in the intensive care unit (ICU). Unfortunately, these agents have many side effects, which often limit their use. In the ICU setting, the functions most commonly affected are endocrine regulation, immune response, and
Clonidine is an alpha-2 receptor agonist that down regulates the sympathetic nervous system. By stimulating alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brain stem, clonidine activates inhibitory pathways in the central nervous system (CNS), which results in reduced catecholamine release and reduced sympathetic outflow from the CNS. This effectively causes a decrease in blood pressure, heart rate,
