The most significant Methodone feature is its exactly identical pharmacodynamics and methodone mechanism of action as that of morphine in equipotent (equianalgesic) doses. Methodone is an agonist with diphenyl structure (2 phenyl rings at the center). The psychological behaviour of methadone addiction is not as markedly abnormal as that of other pure agonists like heroin, […]
Pentazocine agonist antagonist is supposedly capable of producing spinal level analgesia. However, it produces significant sedation, drowsiness. The drugs which are equidistant to either pure agonists or pure antagonists in the terms of their activity belong to this group, agonists at one receptor and antagonists at another. Two groups of synthetic compounds belong to this
Autogenic training relaxation technique , systematic alternative tensing and relaxing of muscle groups is taught to patients (autogenic training) leading to deep relaxation and ability. In addition to these, diaphragmatic breathing, focused repetition of words/phrases/prayer (distraction), guided imagery, transcendental meditation, are additional methods used. • Pranic healing, • Psychic healing, • Magnetotherapy, • Aromatherapy, •
Broadly chronic pain syndrome type can be classified on the basis of aetiopathological origin of the syndrome of chronic pain. The advantage of using this classification is that while deciding the modality of control and management it becomes simpler to choose specific plan of management. 1. Non-oncogenic chronic pain: Chronic pain commonly seen in skeletal
Naloxone (N-allyl oxomorphone) and newer drugs like nalmexone, naltrexone, nalmefene, and nalbuphine belong to naloxone group. These drugs have practically no agonist action on any of the receptors or their subtypes. But these drugs completely reverse the action of all the drugs, pure, partial, agonist-antagonists at µ, K, σ, δ and other receptors including analgesia, respiratory
Following are the therapeutic uses of opioid analgesics : 1. Pain relief: By any and all the possible routes, these drugs have been given to relieve the pain—acute, surgical, non-surgical, visceral, somatic, chronic, and oncogenic, non-oncogenic. 2. Morphine is drug of choice in IHD, myocardial infarction, obstetric analgesia. 3. Dyspnoea: Especially due to left ventricular
Depending upon mechanism of nsaid action involved the drugs can be specifically used to achieve the desired effects. The NSAIDs have been proven to block the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibition of the enzyme cyclo oxygenase. Cyclo-oxygenase (prostaglandin synthetase) is the enzyme involved in the cell membrane injury related destruction of phospholipids to arachidonic acid,
A special mention must be made here about the novel ways of using neuraxial regional anesthesia anticoagulation . The use started in 1979. Gradually they have become very popular and almost all the clinically available opioids have been tried by this route. Nowadays the flexibility of neuraxial regional anesthesia anticoagulation is available to be given
Interventional techniques of musculoskeletal chronic pain management include use of nerve blocks, root blocks, rhizotomies, cordotomy, etc. Musculoskeletal chronic pain management is required during the following : 1. Low back pain – Lumbosacral, spinal/vertebral syndromes – Radiculopathy – Prolapsed intervertebral disc – Lumbar canal stenosis 2. Neuropathies: Trigeminal neuralgias (Tic doloroux) 3. Phantom limb pain,
Hypnotherapy placebo effect therapy most probably acts via, placebo effects/auto suggestion mechanisms. Anaesthesiologists have been practicing some form of suggestion therapy even in their day-to-day preoperative visits on the eve of surgery. Even a 5-minute preoperative visit will reduce anxiety of patient significantly. Hypnotherapy placebo effect or what was called mesmerism was described in late
