Use of midazolam in seizures has been used intravenously to treat acute attack of seizure effectively. Recent studies proved its usefulness through oral and intranasal route to control acute seizure attack particularly in children. The efficacy of intranasal and oral midazolam in seizures in hospitalized patients was similar to, and even higher than, that of
Lorazepam metabolism is done by glucuronidation in order to form pharmacologically inactive metabolites that are excreted by the kidneys. Lorazepam IV is a long-acting benzodiazepine which is more potent sedative and amnesic than midazolam and diazepam. The effects on ventilation, the cardiovascular system, and skeletal muscles resemble those of other benzodiazepines. The elimination half-time is
Lorazepam drip or Ativan drip is a frequently used sedative in the intensive care unit (ICU). It is a benzodiazepine that can be administered enterally, as intermittent parenteral doses, or as a continuous infusion. The beneficial effects of lorazepam drip include anterograde amnesia and an opioid-sparing effect via a moderation of the anticipatory pain response.
Pre anesthesia drugs and medicines is the term applied to the use of drugs prior to the administration of an anesthetic agent, with the objective of making anesthesia safer and more agreeable to the patient. The reasons for using pre anesthesia drugs are: For sedation, to reduce anxiety and apprehension without producing much drowsiness. To obtain an
Ketamine Uses are many; here we are describing some of them. NMDA antagonists like ketamine were shown to be effective in suppressing the symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Subanesthetic doses (0.5 mg/kg/hour) of ketamine are effective in the correction of acute precipitated opiate withdrawal. Its use as an sedative is well known. The most common use
The sedative effect of benzodiazepines and opiods is potentiated by other CNS depressants including alcohol, barbiturates, inhaled and injected anesthetics, and opioids. Anesthetic requirements for inhaled and injected anesthetics are decreased by benzodiazepines and opiods . Benzodiazepines decrease the MAC value of inhaled anesthetics. Benzodiazepines, especially midazolam, potentiate the ventilatory depressant effects of opioids, though
The fact that total body clearance of propofol metabolism exceeds hepatic blood flow is consistent with extra hepatic clearance. Indeed hepatic clearance of propofol was approximately 60% of total body clearance.Pulmonary uptake of propofol is significant and influences the initial availability of propofol. Human lungs take part in the elimination of propofol by transforming the
Propofol exhibits dose-dependent effects on memory. Infusions of propofol amnesia for conscious sedation produce concentrations below those required for consistent amnesia. In the study by Matsuki et al. Propofol and midazolam did not differ in amnesic effects to non-invasive stimuli. However, for invasive stimuli, midazolam showed a stronger amnesic effect at the moderate sedation level,
Several effects of ketamine are discussed here. Ketamine can attenuate important pro-inflammatory key functions of neutrophils in vitro, by inhibiting activated neutrophils, although these inhibitory effects are similar for racemic ketamine and its isomers. Thus ketamine might have role in limiting tissue injury in sepsis or ischemia/reperfusion. In the patients with sepsis caused by gram-negative
Etomidate causes adrenocortical suppression by producing a dose-dependent inhibition of the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol. This is known as Etomidate adrenal suppression Cortisol and aldosterone are depressed by etomidate, but the clinical relevance is minimal after a single bolus injection. Etomidate adrenal suppression causes a specific and reversible blockade of the 11 beta-hydroxylation of
