Drugs

Effect of barbiturates drugs in cerebral ischemia

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The primary mechanism of protection of barbiturates drugs in cerebral ischemia has been attributed to its ability to decrease the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2), thereby increasing the ratio of oxygen supply to oxygen demand. Barbiturates drugs have been the prototype for anesthetic protection against cerebral ischemia. The decrease in CMRO2 is accompanied by a parallel […]

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Benzodiazepine half life

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Benzodiazepine half life is commonly administered through oral, intramuscular and intravenous routes. Intramuscular absorption of diazepam is erratic, whereas midazolam and benzodiazepine half life have good bioavailability through this route. Diazepam and lorazepam are well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. However, meals and antacids may decrease absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Midazolam has also been used

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Diazepam metabolism

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Diazepam metabolism is carried out by hepatic microsomal enzymes using an oxidative pathway of N-demethylation with the production of desmethyldiazepam, oxazepam, and to a lesser extent temazepam as metabolites. Desmethyl diazepam is metabolized more slowly than oxazepam and is only slightly less potent than diazepam. These metabolites contribute to the sustained effect of diazepam. The

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Etomidate Pharmacokinetics

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The etomidate pharmacokinetics is altered in the elderly, with a decrease in initial distribution volume and clearance (a decrease of 2 mL/min/kg every decade). Compared to normal patients, the cirrhotic patients have normal clearance rates, suggesting that cirrhotic patients metabolize etomidate normally, but the distribution volume and elimination half-life were twice as great. A 30%

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Benzodiazepines uses

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Benzodiazepines uses are many. Preoperative medication for anxiolysis and sedation is one where it finds its usage. Midazolam has replaced diazepam as the most commonly administered benzodiazepine in the preoperative period for preoperative medication and intravenous (IV) sedation. Furthermore, the context-sensitive half-times for diazepam and lorazepam are prolonged; and so they are used where prompt

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What are Barbiturates drugs and examples

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What are Barbiturates drugs? Barbiturates are the derivatives of barbituric acid which is a condensation product of urea with malonic acid. Barbituric acid itself is devoid of any hypnotic activity. Barbiturates drugs are hardly soluble in water; however, their sodium salts form alkaline solutions in water. Conventionally, they are divided according to their duration of

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Halogenated volatile agents

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Halogenated volatile agents are inhalational anesthesia gases used during surgeries to provide general anesthesia. They are metabolized to varying degrees. There is biotransformation in the liver resulting in cleavage and dehalogenation by the specific enzyme P450, which is a haemocytochrome present in the hepatic cell. Desflurane (CHF2-O-CHFCHF3): It is one of the halogenated volatile agents

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Etomidate Metabolism

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Etomidate metabolism is rapidly metabolized by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester side chain to its carboxylic acid ester, resulting in a water-soluble, pharmacologically inactive compound. Hepatic microsomal enzymes and plasma esterases are responsible for this hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is nearly complete, as evidenced by recovery of < 3% of an administered dose of etomidate metabolism as

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