For induction of general anesthesia before administration of other anesthetic agents, Individual response to midazolam drip is variable, particularly when a narcotic premedicant is not used. The dosage should be titrated according to the patient’s age and clinical status. Midazolam drip is administered over 20 to 30 seconds, allowing 2 minutes for effect. The recommended
Midazolam, 0.2 mg/kg IV, for induction of intravenous versed anesthesia produces a greater decrease in systemic blood pressure and increase in heart rate than does diazepam, 0.5 mg/kg IV. The haemodynamic effects of midazolam are significant in humans. In normal humans, midazolam, 0.15 mg/kg IV over 15 seconds, produces statistically significant reduction in systolic (5%)
Halogenated volatile agents are inhalational anesthesia gases used during surgeries to provide general anesthesia. They are metabolized to varying degrees. There is biotransformation in the liver resulting in cleavage and dehalogenation by the specific enzyme P450, which is a haemocytochrome present in the hepatic cell. Desflurane (CHF2-O-CHFCHF3): It is one of the halogenated volatile agents
The molecular mechanisms underlying the diverse actions remain unclear, although some of the midazolam mechanism of action and sites of action of benzodiazepines effects are known. Benzodiazepines appear to produce all their pharmacologic effects by facilitating the actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Benzodiazepines do not activate the GABAA
Midazolam pediatric dose loading dose may be followed by a continuous IV infusion to maintain the effect. IV loading doses should not be used in neonates. Continuous IV infusion for sedation in critical care settings is important in pediatric patients. To initiate sedation using midazolam, an IV loading dose of 0.05 to 0.2 mg/kg administered
The sedative effect of benzodiazepines and opiods is potentiated by other CNS depressants including alcohol, barbiturates, inhaled and injected anesthetics, and opioids. Anesthetic requirements for inhaled and injected anesthetics are decreased by benzodiazepines and opiods . Benzodiazepines decrease the MAC value of inhaled anesthetics. Benzodiazepines, especially midazolam, potentiate the ventilatory depressant effects of opioids, though
The pharmacodynamics of inhaled anesthetics is discussed here in detail. The action of inhalation agents are as follows: I. Pulmonary effects 2. Cardiovascular effects 3. Metabolism 4. Toxicity Pulmonary Effects: For pharmacodynamics of inhaled anesthetics , the pulmonary effects of inhalation agents are many and important as this is the portal of entry. There are
Once Pure agent scheme of presentation is executed it becomes very easy to deal with all the actions of the drugs of various classes of opioids, including pure agonist opioid . While understanding the pharmacological, systemic effect of these drugs it is logically possible to fix the action as per the neuroanatomical site of origin
Acute on chronic pain description is to explain the pain which was chronic and has now become suddenly severe, sharp and unbearable. It could be due to acute exacerbation of the original process. Aetiologically it could be due to sudden increase in the size of the primary or due to deposition of metastases into long bones,
One may ask what is methylene blue ? Methylene blue is a water-soluble blue thiazine dye used most commonly as a treatment for methemoglobinemia or as an indicator dye. Its utility as an indicator dye has been applied to several clinical situations including identification of aspiration or placement of nasogastric tubes in critically ill patients;
