Ketamine is metabolized extensively by hepatic microsornal enzymes. Ketamine metabolism is demethylated to the corresponding N-desmethyl compound to form norketamine (about 60%) the main metabolite. Norketamine rapidly appears (approximately within 5 minutes) in plasma following ketamine administration and had a terminal half-life of 63.6 +1- 23.9 minutes. In animals, norketamine is one-fifth to one-third as […]
Despite the rapid clearance of propofol pharmacokinetics by metabolism, there is no evidence of impaired elimination in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Chronic alcoholism does not change the propofol pharmacokinetics significantly. Extrahepatic elimination of propofol occurs during the anhepatic phase of orthotopic liver transplantation. Renal dysfunction does not influence the clearance of propofol. Patients
Midazolam, 0.2 mg/kg IV, for induction of intravenous versed anesthesia produces a greater decrease in systemic blood pressure and increase in heart rate than does diazepam, 0.5 mg/kg IV. The haemodynamic effects of midazolam are significant in humans. In normal humans, midazolam, 0.15 mg/kg IV over 15 seconds, produces statistically significant reduction in systolic (5%)
There are several oxygen physical properties : 1. Oxygen is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. 2. Specific gravity is 1.106. 3. Molecular weight is 32. 4. In normal atmospheric pressure it liquefies at 183°C. 5. Solubility in water is 2.4 volume% at 37°C and 4.9 volume% at 0°C. 6. Inflammibility—it cannot be ignited but its
Benzodiazepines effects appear to produce all their pharmacologic effects by facilitating the actions of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). The area where it causes it effect is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS by enhancing their affinity towards GABA receptors leading to increased chloride conductance and hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane, and thereby rendering
Etomidate sedation infusion can be used as a suitable alternative for neuroanesthesia when nitrous oxide is contraindicated. Etomidate sedation (100 micrograms/kg/ minute) has been used as a part of total intravenous anesthetic technique with a mean recovery time of about 10 minutes. The infusion is associated with minimal incidences of side effects such as thrombophiebitis
The action of Opoid crisis on hypothalamic nuclei also may be involved in producing slight fall in the body temperature. Modulation of pain through diencephalic areas like periaqueductal grey, thalamic center and hypothalamic areas is produced. The mid-brain (Mesencephalon) basal nuclei, especially due to excitation of parasympathetic region of Edinger Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nerve
A syrup is effective for producing sedation and anxiolysis at a Midazolam oral dose of 0.25 mg/kg with minimal effect on ventilation even when administered at doses as large as 1 mg/kg. Midazolam oral is the most commonly used oral preoperative medication for children. Midazolam oral dose which is, 0.5 mg/kg given orally 30 minutes before
The respiratory effects of Ketamine bronchodilation are noticeable, mainly involving bronchodilation, which is mainly observed in asthmatic patients. Supposedly, Ketamine bronchodilation relaxes the bronchiolar musculature and prevents the bronchoconstriction induced by histamine, which would be an obvious advantage for asthmatic patients. The bronchodilatory activity is as effective as halothane or enflurane in preventing experimentally-induced Ketamine
Benzodiazepines uses are many. Preoperative medication for anxiolysis and sedation is one where it finds its usage. Midazolam has replaced diazepam as the most commonly administered benzodiazepine in the preoperative period for preoperative medication and intravenous (IV) sedation. Furthermore, the context-sensitive half-times for diazepam and lorazepam are prolonged; and so they are used where prompt
