Non benzodiazepines like Zolpidem Non benzodiazepines like zopiclone, Zolpidem, zaleplon and efzopiclone (Z agents) are the newer sedative hypnotic agents which have varied chemical structures. They bind selectively to a subset of benzodiazepine receptors and act as benzodiazepine receptor Agonists. Non benzodiazepines characteristic features are: As sedative-hypnotics, they are as effective as benzodiazepines and provide […]
One of the lorazepam uses , is that the Lorazepam undergoes reliable absorption after oral and I.M. injection. After oral administration, maximal plasma concentrations of lorazepam occur in 2 to 4 hours and persist at therapeutic levels for up to 24 to 48 hours. The recommended oral dose of lorazepam uses preoperative medication which is
Reactions such as agitation, involuntary movements, hyperactivity and combativeness are usually reported during midazolam administration . Should such reactions occur, the response to each dose of midazolam and all other drugs, including local anesthetics, should be evaluated before proceeding with the midazolam administration of the drug. For induction of general anaesthesia in healthy patients, the
Etomidate shortens the onset time of the neuromuscular block with vecuronium. This etomidate drug interactions enhances the bradycardia induced by vecuronium. Miller’s anesthesia says the following about etomidate drug interactions – The specific endocrine effects manifested by etomidate are a dose-dependent reversible inhibition of the enzyme 11β-hydroxylase, which converts 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol, and a relatively minor
It is rapidly distributed in the body with a propofol half life of only around 2 mm and has an efficient hepatic and extra hepatic clearance. Because the total body clearance may exceed liver blood flow, an extrahepatic metabolism or extrarenal elimination has been suggested. Hepatic metabolism is rapid and extensive, resulting in inactive, water-soluble
Ketamine analgesia produces intense analgesia at sub anesthetic doses and prompt induction of anesthesia when administered IV at higher doses. Ketamine analgesia has an analgesic action at many sites both centrally and peripherally. These actions are mediated via multiple receptor subtypes, including opioid, NMDA, kainate, and GABAA receptors. Ketamine also inhibits serotonin and dopamine reuptake.
The management of methods of pain relief is and will always remain a challenging task for the clinicians. Many a times in spite of understanding the pathophysiology of pain, it becomes extremely difficult to control that pain. Most of the times the pathophysiology itself, may be shrouded in the mist of uncertain methods of pain
The pharmacokinetics of ketamine is characterized by rapid onset of action, relatively short duration of action, and high lipid solubility. Ketamine half life has a pK of 7.5 at physiologic pH. Ketamine half life can be given by multiple routes: IV, TM, SC, oral, sublingual, rectal, nasal, transdermal, epidural, or intrathecal. Peak plasma concentrations of
Reiki therapy techniques have been in practice since 2nd—3rd century; it was forgotten and about 130 years back was reinvented by Dr. Mikao Usui. WHO has defined it as “Non physical healing energy comprising universal life force energy (divine in nature) having its own intelligence”. Rei: means in Japanese, universal; Ki : life force energy
Some Etomidate side effects are explained here. Some Patients receiving etomidate as intravenous injection for induction, frequently complain about pain. The incidence of pain is about 20% and associated with the conventional formulation due to its solvent propylene glycol which causes direct injury to vascular endothelium resulting in pain and venous sequelae. Pain on injection
