Physiological response to hypoxia is commonly seen. It depends upon speed and severity of the oxygen lack. The response may be direct or indirect. The direct Hypoxia effects are on cardiorespiratory systems and the secondary effects are due to the failure of organs like brain, liver, kidney and heart. The Hypoxia effects on these organs […]
S-Ketamine is a water soluble molecule that structurally resembles phencyclidine. The commercial preparation of S-Ketamine is a racemic mixture of two optical enantiomers R(-) and S(+), and a preservative benzethonium chloride. The presence of asymmetric carbon atom results in the existence of two optical isomers of ketamine. The racemic form of ketamine has been the
The mechanisms for ketamine induced cardiovascular effects are complex and also Ketamine effect on blood pressure characteristics. Direct stimulation of the CNS leading to increased sympathetic nervous system outflow seems to be the most important mechanism for cardiovascular stimulation. One of the characteristic of Ketamine is related to blood pressure and is therefore termed as
Barbiturate withdrawal is when sudden stopping of barbiturate drugs causes severe illness and withdrawal. This especially happens when infusions are given in the hospital and abruptly stopped. What are the Barbiturate withdrawal symptoms? In the First 12-16 hours: There is an observable improvement. After 16 hours: nausea, vomiting, anxiety, tremors, abdominal cramps, orthostatic hypotension, restlessness.
Ketamine is metabolized extensively by hepatic microsornal enzymes. Ketamine metabolism is demethylated to the corresponding N-desmethyl compound to form norketamine (about 60%) the main metabolite. Norketamine rapidly appears (approximately within 5 minutes) in plasma following ketamine administration and had a terminal half-life of 63.6 +1- 23.9 minutes. In animals, norketamine is one-fifth to one-third as
Ketamine is associated with psychedelic effects and dependence. Well the question here arises is that Is Ketamine addictive ? These effects are dose-related and comprised of multimodal hallucinatory experiences, a sense of slowing, paranoid ideation and enhancement of sexual, musical and sensory enjoyment. The mechanisms of these phenomena are largely due to its complex multi-receptors
Visual analogue scale for pain intensity is a numerical pain rating scale which uses a 10 cm line with the numbers ranging from 0-10. Patients points out the number that corresponds to the level of pain they are feeling. The significance of the numbers must be explained to the patient. Intensity of the pain is
Midazolam structure is characterized by pH dependent ring opening phenomenon in which the ring remains open at pH values of less than 4, thus maintaining its water solubility. The pK of midazolam is 6.15, which permits the preparations of salts to be water soluble. The parenteral solution of midazolam used clinically is buffered to an
Use of midazolam in seizures has been used intravenously to treat acute attack of seizure effectively. Recent studies proved its usefulness through oral and intranasal route to control acute seizure attack particularly in children. The efficacy of intranasal and oral midazolam in seizures in hospitalized patients was similar to, and even higher than, that of
The versed side effects related to Respiratory are respiratory arrest, respiratory failure, apnoea, hypoxia, oxygen desaturation. Danger of respiratory disorders may increase when midazolam is administered with opioids. Therefore, the dosage of both agents should be reduced. Limited information is available from published literature regarding the use of midazolam in paediatric patients. However, based on
