The fact that total body clearance of propofol metabolism exceeds hepatic blood flow is consistent with extra hepatic clearance. Indeed hepatic clearance of propofol was approximately 60% of total body clearance.Pulmonary uptake of propofol is significant and influences the initial availability of propofol. Human lungs take part in the elimination of propofol by transforming the
Anesthetic propofol is a potent intravenous hypnotic agent which is widely used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Propofol is a phenolic (2, 6-diisopropylphenol) derivative that is structurally unrelated to other sedative hypnotic agents. It has been used extensively as an anesthetic propofol agent, particularly in procedures of short duration. More recently it has
Ketamine cardiovascular effects resemble sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Indeed, a direct negative cardiac inotropic effect is usually overshadowed by central sympathetic stimulation. HR and BP rise were similar between S(+)ketamine and racemic mixture. Systemic blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac work, and myocardial oxygen requirements all are increased after IV administration of ketamine cardiovascular
Nikethamide is a drug used for stimulating the brain. Its chemical name is nicotinic acid diethylamide. Nikethamide is a cerebral stimulant and a good analeptic. It stimulates respiration due to an effect on respiratory center and not through the chemoreceptors of the carotid and aortic bodies. It has a vasoconstrictor effect on the peripheral circulation. It has
Hypnotherapy placebo effect therapy most probably acts via, placebo effects/auto suggestion mechanisms. Anaesthesiologists have been practicing some form of suggestion therapy even in their day-to-day preoperative visits on the eve of surgery. Even a 5-minute preoperative visit will reduce anxiety of patient significantly. Hypnotherapy placebo effect or what was called mesmerism was described in late
Among the common benzodiazepines that are used in anesthesia today are three: namely diazepam, midazolam and lorazepam. Benzodiazepines produce varying degree of anxiolysis, sedation, anticonvulsant actions and anterograde amnesia. Benzodiazepines also produce some degree of skeletal muscle relaxation but that is not sufficient for surgical procedures; and they also do not decrease the dose requirements
Glucocorticoid therapy are most commonly used to mitigate an inflammatory response. They are used in a wide variety of patient populations seen in the intensive care unit (ICU). Unfortunately, these agents have many side effects, which often limit their use. In the ICU setting, the functions most commonly affected are endocrine regulation, immune response, and
Propofol is known to possess direct antiemetic effects. Propofol antiemetic use for induction and maintenance of anesthesia has been shown to be associated with a lower incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) when compared to any other anesthetic drug or technique. It has been shown that total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with propofol for anesthesia
Midazolam structure is characterized by pH dependent ring opening phenomenon in which the ring remains open at pH values of less than 4, thus maintaining its water solubility. The pK of midazolam is 6.15, which permits the preparations of salts to be water soluble. The parenteral solution of midazolam used clinically is buffered to an
The molecular mechanisms underlying the diverse actions remain unclear, although some of the midazolam mechanism of action and sites of action of benzodiazepines effects are known. Benzodiazepines appear to produce all their pharmacologic effects by facilitating the actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Benzodiazepines do not activate the GABAA
