The chronic pain syndrome pathophysiology is disturbance in the process of acute nociception. The processes of transduction, transmission, modulation and perception have somehow got disturbed. The pain stimuli which were supposed to be sent forward before closing of gate, get more and more intensely forwarded rather than getting modulated. In addition, due to sustained partial […]
There are various ways of describing what is opioid. The common feature of all the drugs belonging to the group of these drugs is a phenanthrene ring with side chain and additional rings that might be added to the central ring itself or to the side chains. 1. Naturally occurring: morphine, codeine, kheline, noscapine, and thebaine. 2.
Ketamine Uses are many; here we are describing some of them. NMDA antagonists like ketamine were shown to be effective in suppressing the symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Subanesthetic doses (0.5 mg/kg/hour) of ketamine are effective in the correction of acute precipitated opiate withdrawal. Its use as an sedative is well known. The most common use
The foregoing discussion is in the situation of a normal blood brain barrier about blood brain barrier crossing drugs. In a brain lesion, where the integrity of BBB varies according to the severity of damage, the control of fluid molecules is further complex. The osmotic/oncotic gradient will not be effective in areas of complete blood
Inadequate and incomplete pain assessment methods contribute to inadequate pain management. Thus, to gather all the information about pain is very important. There are multiple methods available depending on: A. Subjective description B. Objective description C. Characteristic of pain D. Description of pain There are many components mentioned for “Ideal pain Assessment” like patient quotes,
Use of midazolam in seizures has been used intravenously to treat acute attack of seizure effectively. Recent studies proved its usefulness through oral and intranasal route to control acute seizure attack particularly in children. The efficacy of intranasal and oral midazolam in seizures in hospitalized patients was similar to, and even higher than, that of
Reiki therapy techniques have been in practice since 2nd—3rd century; it was forgotten and about 130 years back was reinvented by Dr. Mikao Usui. WHO has defined it as “Non physical healing energy comprising universal life force energy (divine in nature) having its own intelligence”. Rei: means in Japanese, universal; Ki : life force energy
Various drugs than but with either less potency, or slight variation in their spectrum of pethidine cns excitation are included. Phenyl piperidines: Meperidine, phenoperidine Diphenyl compounds: Methadone, dextropropoxyphene Miscellaneous: Oxycodeine, hydrocoedine There are specific differences of these drugs as per their clinical importance of pethidine cns excitation. The equianalgesic dosages and potencies of various opioids
Depending upon mechanism of nsaid action involved the drugs can be specifically used to achieve the desired effects. The NSAIDs have been proven to block the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibition of the enzyme cyclo oxygenase. Cyclo-oxygenase (prostaglandin synthetase) is the enzyme involved in the cell membrane injury related destruction of phospholipids to arachidonic acid,
Lasix is known to cause Sulfa allergy. The decrease in sodium and chloride reabsorption seems to come from the fact that furosemide competes for the chloride position on the carrier. Furosemide (Lasix) is a member of the general class of loop diuretics that inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl–cotransport carrier within the ascending limb of the loop of
