S-Ketamine is a water soluble molecule that structurally resembles phencyclidine. The commercial preparation of S-Ketamine is a racemic mixture of two optical enantiomers R(-) and S(+), and a preservative benzethonium chloride. The presence of asymmetric carbon atom results in the existence of two optical isomers of ketamine. The racemic form of ketamine has been the […]
The use of tens electrical stimulation to reduce the pain especially of postoperative nature is the main use of this technique. The tens electrical stimulation principle is again based on “gate control theory” of Melzaek and Wall, viz: small fibres stimulation leads to transmission of nociceptive stimuli via substantia gelatinosa (SG) cells which act as
Midazolam sedation is a useful intravenous adjunct to local or regional anesthesia for a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Midazolam sedation in doses of 1.0 to 2.5 mg IV (onset within 30-60 sec, time to peak affect 3 to 5 minutes, duration of sedation 15 to 80 minutes) is effective for sedation. Titrated intravenous
Naloxone (N-allyl oxomorphone) and newer drugs like nalmexone, naltrexone, nalmefene, and nalbuphine belong to naloxone group. These drugs have practically no agonist action on any of the receptors or their subtypes. But these drugs completely reverse the action of all the drugs, pure, partial, agonist-antagonists at µ, K, σ, δ and other receptors including analgesia, respiratory
What are Barbiturates drugs? Barbiturates are the derivatives of barbituric acid which is a condensation product of urea with malonic acid. Barbituric acid itself is devoid of any hypnotic activity. Barbiturates drugs are hardly soluble in water; however, their sodium salts form alkaline solutions in water. Conventionally, they are divided according to their duration of
There is an ongoing debate as to whether propofol EEG exhibits pro- or anticoagulant effects, and whether it should be used in patients with epilepsy. In a prospective study, Meyer et al documented propofol EEG as a sedative-hypnotic agent with anticonvulsant properties as shown by depression of spike-wave patterns in children with epilepsy and by
The fact that total body clearance of propofol metabolism exceeds hepatic blood flow is consistent with extra hepatic clearance. Indeed hepatic clearance of propofol was approximately 60% of total body clearance.Pulmonary uptake of propofol is significant and influences the initial availability of propofol. Human lungs take part in the elimination of propofol by transforming the
Critically ill patients often require cardiac inotrope and/or cardiac pressors support to maintain adequate cardiac output and adequate blood pressure to sustain end-organ perfusion. Because end-organ perfusion has already likely been compromised and may continue to be problematic despite use of these agents, anaerobic metabolism rather than aerobic metabolism is likely to be generating a
Propofol mechanism of action exerts its sedative hypnotic effects through a GABA receptor interaction. GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. When GABAA receptors are activated, transmembrane chloride conductance increases, resulting in hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane and functional inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron. The interaction of propofol mechanism of action also
Cause of hypoxia Common cause of hypoxia and Cyanosis are : 1. Factors present before the operation • Oedema of glottis • Ludwig’s angina • Bilateral quinsy 2. Carcinoma of larynx 3. Tracheal compression and stenosis due to any cause 4. Foreign body in bronchus 5. Carcinoma of bronchus 6. Acute or chronic bronchial asthma
