For induction of general anesthesia before administration of other anesthetic agents, Individual response to midazolam drip is variable, particularly when a narcotic premedicant is not used. The dosage should be titrated according to the patient’s age and clinical status. Midazolam drip is administered over 20 to 30 seconds, allowing 2 minutes for effect. The recommended […]
Propofol related infusion syndrome is a rare complication firstly reported in paediatric patients and also observed in adults, produced due to prolonged (>48 h) high doses of propofol (>66 mcg/kg/min) intravenous infusion. Even short-term propofol related infusion syndrome for surgical anaesthesia have been associated with development of metabolic acidosis. Propofol related infusion syndrome is characterized
From time immemorial mankind has been aware of opium classification . The word opium itself is derived from Greek word for juice. Arabian traders popularized it and introduced it to Europe. Paracelsus (1493—1541) reintroduced it and made it popular. It was at one time considered as “God’s own medicine” and used in various remedies from
Propofol anesthesia has become the induction drug of choice for most of the surgical procedures, especially when rapid and complete awakening is desirable. Continuous IV infusion of Propofol anesthesia with or without other anesthetic drugs, is commonly used in TIVA and for sedation. Due to its quick onset and offset characteristics it is also becoming
The phencyclidine derivatives Ketamine anesthetic is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. It produces “dissociative anesthesia”, characterized by evidence on the EEG of dissociation between the thalamo-cortical and limbic systems and a cataleptic state in which the eyes remain open with a slow nystagmic gaze. The patient becomes noncommunicative with an apparent wakefulness state. It
The sedative effects of benzodiazepine receptors are due to activation of α-1 subunits of GABA receptors. The anxiolytic activity associated with the benzodiazepine is due to α-2 subunit activity. The GABAA receptor is large, providing attachment sites for GABA, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, etomidate, propofol, and alcohol. This property explains the pharmacologic synergy of these substances and
Partial agonist buprenorphine is an opioid, which strikingly differs chemically from other opioids, in that it is not related to morphine, but to another alkaloid called thebaine. So buprenorphine is a semi synthetic opioid. Pharmacodynamically, partial agonist buprenorphine is highly potent. 0.3 mg is equianalgesic with 10 mg of morphine. It has a 50 times
The binding site is called the ‘receptor’ and the mechanism as opioid receptor mechanism . Any pharmacological activity requires an agent, a target organ and a specific binding site in that organ. The receptor due to its affinity to the drug and opioid receptor mechanism , permits attachment of the drug to itself, which then
In patients with acute renal failure, total body clearance is lower and the elimination half-life, while considering midazolam duration of action becomes longer than in patients with normal kidney function. In patients with impaired kidney function, the excretion of 1-hydroxymethyl midazolam glucuronide, the major metabolite of midazolam, is impaired. In healthy children aged 1 year
Here we study about the physical effects of barbiturates . In normovolemic subjects, thiopental, 4-5 mg/kg IV, produces a transient mild to moderate decrease in blood pressure with a compensatory increase in heart rate. However, bradycardia and junctional rhythm may occur with thiopentone. This dose of thiopental produces minimal to no evidence of myocardial depression.
