The management of methods of pain relief is and will always remain a challenging task for the clinicians. Many a times in spite of understanding the pathophysiology of pain, it becomes extremely difficult to control that pain. Most of the times the pathophysiology itself, may be shrouded in the mist of uncertain methods of pain […]
With respect to inhalation agent anesthetic , an increase in cardiac output and the consequent increased pulmonary blood flow removes more general anesthetic from the alveoli. The alveolar venous anesthetic gradient is determined by the amount of tissue uptake of an inhalation agent anesthetic . This depends on the tissue solubility, tissue blood flow and
The midazolam half life elimination of IM administration is comparable to that observed following the IV administration. Midazolam is approximately 97% plasma protein-bound in normal subjects. In patients with chronic renal failure, the free fraction of drug in plasma can be significantly higher than in healthy adults. In animals and humans, Midazolam has shown to
Lasix is known to cause Sulfa allergy. The decrease in sodium and chloride reabsorption seems to come from the fact that furosemide competes for the chloride position on the carrier. Furosemide (Lasix) is a member of the general class of loop diuretics that inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl–cotransport carrier within the ascending limb of the loop of
Oxygenation capacity is the volume of oxygen at standard pressure and temperature carried by 100 mL of blood after saturation with room air. Oxygenation capacity includes the oxygen in combination with haemoglobin (1.39 mL/g) and oxygen in solution in plasma (0.3 mL). It should also be mentioned that most of the oxygen that dissolves in
Subhypnotic doses of IV like Propofol 10 mg have been used to treat pruritus caused by neuraxial opioids. However, this beneficial effect has not been achieved in other studies. Propofol has been shown to possess antipruritic effect. Subhypnotic doses of propofol may be effective for the short-term symptomatic relief of pruritus associated with liver disease. Such
The effect of propofol on blood pressure is that it decreases systemic blood pressure. This decrease in propofol blood pressure is often accompanied by corresponding changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Propofol decreases afterload more than thiopental and thus reduces systemic arterial pressure more than thiopental. Propofol preferentially decreases SVR without a significant
The pharmacokinetics of inhaled anesthetics are explained here with detail • Absorption of agent from alveoli to blood • Distribution in the body • Metabolism (liver) • Elimination (lungs mainly) Uptake and Distribution The pharmacokinetics of inhaled anesthetics depends upon: (1) Respiratory uptake, (2) Alveolar ventilation, (3) The partial pressure of the agent in the
The chronic pain syndrome pathophysiology is disturbance in the process of acute nociception. The processes of transduction, transmission, modulation and perception have somehow got disturbed. The pain stimuli which were supposed to be sent forward before closing of gate, get more and more intensely forwarded rather than getting modulated. In addition, due to sustained partial
Among benzodiazepine equivalence , differences in the onset and duration of action are due to their potency, lipid solubility and pharmacokinetics. Benzodiazepine equivalence is used to understand the relative differences in the action and effects of the different types of benzodiazepines. All benzodiazepines are highly lipid soluble and are highly bound to plasma proteins, especially
