The versed side effects related to Respiratory are respiratory arrest, respiratory failure, apnoea, hypoxia, oxygen desaturation. Danger of respiratory disorders may increase when midazolam is administered with opioids. Therefore, the dosage of both agents should be reduced. Limited information is available from published literature regarding the use of midazolam in paediatric patients. However, based on
Ketamine cardiovascular effects resemble sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Indeed, a direct negative cardiac inotropic effect is usually overshadowed by central sympathetic stimulation. HR and BP rise were similar between S(+)ketamine and racemic mixture. Systemic blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac work, and myocardial oxygen requirements all are increased after IV administration of ketamine cardiovascular
Neo-Synephrine is the trade name for phenylephrine. It is a pure alpha receptor agonist and has both venous and arterial constrictive effects. Because Alpha1 receptors have been discovered in the myocardium, it is also possible that it has positive inotropic effects. In our current culture of patient safety, it is important to avoid commonly used medical
At sub anesthetic doses, propofol anticonvulsant has been effectively used to suppress seizures during refractory status epilepticus, a mechanism, in part, attributed to the inhibition of neuronal sodium channels. It is effective in most patients, and the side effects are infrequent, of minor severity, and fully reversible. However, high doses of propofol may be necessary
The sedative midazolam side effects and fluctuations in vital signs were the most frequent findings following parenteral administration of midazolam injection. These are affected by the lightening or deepening of anesthesia, instrumentation, intubation and use of concomitant drugs. The more frequently encountered fluctuations in vital signs of midazolam side effects included decreased tidal volume and/or
As a group, paediatric patients generally require higher doses of midazolam than do adults and younger children may require higher doses than older children. In obese individuals, the midazolam syrup dose should be calculated based on ideal body weight. Oral premedication: Oral midazolam syrup is effective for sedation and anxiolysis at the doses of 0.25—1
For induction of general anesthesia before administration of other anesthetic agents, Individual response to midazolam drip is variable, particularly when a narcotic premedicant is not used. The dosage should be titrated according to the patient’s age and clinical status. Midazolam drip is administered over 20 to 30 seconds, allowing 2 minutes for effect. The recommended
Glucocorticoid therapy are most commonly used to mitigate an inflammatory response. They are used in a wide variety of patient populations seen in the intensive care unit (ICU). Unfortunately, these agents have many side effects, which often limit their use. In the ICU setting, the functions most commonly affected are endocrine regulation, immune response, and
The phencyclidine derivatives Ketamine anesthetic is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. It produces “dissociative anesthesia”, characterized by evidence on the EEG of dissociation between the thalamo-cortical and limbic systems and a cataleptic state in which the eyes remain open with a slow nystagmic gaze. The patient becomes noncommunicative with an apparent wakefulness state. It
The etomidate pharmacokinetics is altered in the elderly, with a decrease in initial distribution volume and clearance (a decrease of 2 mL/min/kg every decade). Compared to normal patients, the cirrhotic patients have normal clearance rates, suggesting that cirrhotic patients metabolize etomidate normally, but the distribution volume and elimination half-life were twice as great. A 30%
