There are several uses of barbiturates . Thiopental sodium is used as (1) the sole anesthetic agent for brief (15 minute) procedures, (2) for induction of anesthesia prior to administration of other anesthetic agents, (3) to supplement regional anesthesia, (4) to provide hypnosis during balanced anesthesia with other agents for analgesia or muscle relaxation, (5) […]
While very effective as an antiarrhythmic, amiodarone therapy is also associated with a wide array of adverse side effects involving the cornea, lungs, liver, skin, and thyroid. Although the majority of amiodarone therapy ‘s adverse effects on these organs result from deposition of the drug in the parenchyma, its effect on the thyroid gland is
The foregoing discussion is in the situation of a normal blood brain barrier about blood brain barrier crossing drugs. In a brain lesion, where the integrity of BBB varies according to the severity of damage, the control of fluid molecules is further complex. The osmotic/oncotic gradient will not be effective in areas of complete blood
Perioperative steroids are steroids that are used before, during or after a surgery. Human steroids are produced by the adrenal gland and are under the direct or indirect control of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. The two major classes of steroids that have significant clinical metabolic effects are the glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol), which regulate
Excitatory events following propofol administration are well described. The pathophysiology of these propofol myoclonus movements is not known. The drug should be used cautiously in patients with movement disorders. Miller’s anesthesia says the following about Propofol Myoclonus – Induction of anesthesia with propofol is associated with several side effects, including pain on injection, propofol myoclonus , apnea,
At sub anesthetic doses, propofol anticonvulsant has been effectively used to suppress seizures during refractory status epilepticus, a mechanism, in part, attributed to the inhibition of neuronal sodium channels. It is effective in most patients, and the side effects are infrequent, of minor severity, and fully reversible. However, high doses of propofol may be necessary
Propofol decreases intraocular pressure and therefore has lot of propofol effects A single low dose bolus of propofol used for sedation before cataract surgery caused a moderate reduction in intraocular pressure with minimal side effects. Propofol Effect on Coagulation and Immunity System Some of the propofol effects are discussed here. Propofol does not cause significant coagulation
Physiotherapy management electrotherapy is the application of electrical current to the area of generation of nociception. Physiotherapeutic methods are based on use of mainly two different modalities: 1. Electrotherapy 2. Exercise therapy This can be achieved with following methods of electrical current: • Low frequency • Medium frequency • High frequency Low frequency: i) The
Pain with propofol injection occurs in majority of patients. Propofol injection pain can be reduced by the following methods explained here. Propofol causes pain or discomfort on injection in 28% to 90% of awake patients. A number of techniques have been tried for minimizing propofol injection pain with variable results. The propofol injection pain decreases
The ideal neuromuscular blocker drugs (NMB) would be rapid in onset, have a predictable offset, be nontoxic, lack deleterious cardiovascular or autonomic effects, undergo a defined means of metabolism and excretion preferably independent of end-organ function, and be inexpensive. Many of these characteristics are found in clinically available drugs like cisatracurium. To briefly review, neuromuscular
