A syrup is effective for producing sedation and anxiolysis at a Midazolam oral dose of 0.25 mg/kg with minimal effect on ventilation even when administered at doses as large as 1 mg/kg. Midazolam oral is the most commonly used oral preoperative medication for children. Midazolam oral dose which is, 0.5 mg/kg given orally 30 minutes before […]
The management of methods of pain relief is and will always remain a challenging task for the clinicians. Many a times in spite of understanding the pathophysiology of pain, it becomes extremely difficult to control that pain. Most of the times the pathophysiology itself, may be shrouded in the mist of uncertain methods of pain
There are various ways of describing what is opioid. The common feature of all the drugs belonging to the group of these drugs is a phenanthrene ring with side chain and additional rings that might be added to the central ring itself or to the side chains. 1. Naturally occurring: morphine, codeine, kheline, noscapine, and thebaine. 2.
Etomidate pharmacology is studied using following points. In etomidate pharmacology we find that Etomidate is a potent, direct cerebral vasoconstrictor. It decreases cerebral blood flow and CMRO2 in an independent manner. The cerebral metabolic effects of etomidate are secondary to its effect on neuronal function. As a result, previously increase ICP is lowered by etomidate
Activation of NMDA receptors has been implicated in cerebral ischaemic damage. Therefore, by its antagonistic effect on NMDA receptors, Ketamine seizures may have a possible neuroprotective role. Systemic administration of ketamine has been reported to have neuroprotective effect, in terms of preoperative treatment, in preventing ischaemic and postischaemic spinal cord injury during thoracic and thoracoabdominal
Diazepam effects produce minimal depressant effects on ventilation with 0.2 mg/kg IV dose in Respiration system. The slight increase in PaCO2 is due primarily to a decrease in tidal volume. Nevertheless, nearly, small doses of diazepam (<10 mg IV) have produced apnoea. Combination of diazepam with other CNS depressants (opioids, alcohol) or administration of this
Neo-Synephrine is the trade name for phenylephrine. It is a pure alpha receptor agonist and has both venous and arterial constrictive effects. Because Alpha1 receptors have been discovered in the myocardium, it is also possible that it has positive inotropic effects. In our current culture of patient safety, it is important to avoid commonly used medical
Propofol phosphate, a water soluble propofol prodrug which is enzymatically converted to propofol, formaldehyde and inorganic phosphate, has been shown to produce sedation and anesthesia. A vegetarian formulation of propofol, Cleofol, has been used in a patient from the Jam community of India. Because it contains no lipid vehicles it is devoid of triglyceridaemia and
Ketamine Preemptive Analgesia is an antinociceptive treatment targeted to block CNS hyperexcitability, and thereby leads to a reduced postoperative pain state. Excitatory amino acids aspartate, released by the C fibers, interacts with the NMDA receptors of the dorsal horn neurons, and thus, leads to increase in intracellular calcium ions, which is thought to be the
Midazolam effects cerebral metabolic oxygen requirement (CMRO2) by decreasing it and cerebral blood flow, analogous to barbiturates and propofol. It causes dose-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow in brain regions associated with the normal functioning of arousal, attention, and memory. Patients with decreased intracranial compliance show little or no change in intra-cranial pressure when
