Etomidate sedation infusion can be used as a suitable alternative for neuroanesthesia when nitrous oxide is contraindicated. Etomidate sedation (100 micrograms/kg/ minute) has been used as a part of total intravenous anesthetic technique with a mean recovery time of about 10 minutes. The infusion is associated with minimal incidences of side effects such as thrombophiebitis […]
In shiatsu techniques relaxation , treatment is given to the selected points in the palms which are in connection with the different parts of the body. Acupressure means applying pressure to an Acu point representing the area of treatment in question. Sujok is a word derived from Korean word: Su means hand, Jok means feet
The detailed description of half life of phenobarbital is discussed here. Thiopentone produces hypnosis within 30 to 40 seconds of intravenous injection. For the half life of phenobarbital , the time required for equilibration of the brain with the thiopental concentration in the blood (effect-site equilibration time) is rapid. Recovery after a small dose is
Pain control is an important aspect of critical care medicine and the use of opiate medications has typically been an important method of achieving control in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. The brain has four opiate receptors that include the mu, kappa, delta, and sigma receptors. Currently used opioid analgesics bind to the mu
The pharmacodynamics of inhaled anesthetics is discussed here in detail. The action of inhalation agents are as follows: I. Pulmonary effects 2. Cardiovascular effects 3. Metabolism 4. Toxicity Pulmonary Effects: For pharmacodynamics of inhaled anesthetics , the pulmonary effects of inhalation agents are many and important as this is the portal of entry. There are
Physiotherapy management electrotherapy is the application of electrical current to the area of generation of nociception. Physiotherapeutic methods are based on use of mainly two different modalities: 1. Electrotherapy 2. Exercise therapy This can be achieved with following methods of electrical current: • Low frequency • Medium frequency • High frequency Low frequency: i) The
All of these nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs side effects collectively lead to breach of the integrity of gastric mucosal lining, and gastric ulceration is the result. Following are the nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs side effects : Gastritis : As an overall decrease in production of prostaglandins takes place. Some of the protective PGs like PGE1, PGE2,and
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For the Alveolar partial pressure of oxygen we see, Increasing the inspired concentration (F1) of an anesthetic agent increases the alveolar concentration (FA). A 75% nitrous oxide (N20) in oxygen mixture increases the FI/FA ratio of N2O. The amount of nitrous oxide absorbed will be greater than the nitrogen given out in the alveoli, hence
The action of Opoid crisis on hypothalamic nuclei also may be involved in producing slight fall in the body temperature. Modulation of pain through diencephalic areas like periaqueductal grey, thalamic center and hypothalamic areas is produced. The mid-brain (Mesencephalon) basal nuclei, especially due to excitation of parasympathetic region of Edinger Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nerve
Pain with propofol injection occurs in majority of patients. Propofol injection pain can be reduced by the following methods explained here. Propofol causes pain or discomfort on injection in 28% to 90% of awake patients. A number of techniques have been tried for minimizing propofol injection pain with variable results. The propofol injection pain decreases
