There are various ways of describing what is opioid. The common feature of all the drugs belonging to the group of these drugs is a phenanthrene ring with side chain and additional rings that might be added to the central ring itself or to the side chains. 1. Naturally occurring: morphine, codeine, kheline, noscapine, and thebaine. 2. […]
Ketamine respiratory depression is considered to be the ideal anesthetic for asthmatic patients because it decreases the risk of bronchospasm during induction of anesthesia and preserves the pulmonary vasoconstriction reflex to hypoxia. It does not produce significant depression of ventilation. The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide is maintained during ketamine respiratory depression anesthesia. The respiratory
Phenobarbital dosage include 3 to 5 mg/kg IV, produces rapid induction producing unconsciousness within 30 seconds. Although propofol is becoming the most popular drug for induction of anesthesia for its quick offset from anesthesia, thiopental is still in use due to its low cost in comparison particularly in developing countries. Phenobarbital dosage still remains the
Propofol is an insoluble drug that requires a lipid vehicle for emulsification. The standard propofol emulsion formulation contains 10% soya oil as the oil phase and egg lecithin as the emulsifying agent that is composed of long-chain triglycerides. This formulation supports bacterial growth new formulations contain preservatives with bactericidal action, such as propofol with EDTA
The effect of propofol on blood pressure is that it decreases systemic blood pressure. This decrease in propofol blood pressure is often accompanied by corresponding changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Propofol decreases afterload more than thiopental and thus reduces systemic arterial pressure more than thiopental. Propofol preferentially decreases SVR without a significant
For the phenobarbital metabolism the binding of thiopentone in human serum is about 85% and remarkably constant over the concentration range between 4 and 80 micrograms/mL. The higher percentage of protein binding occurs at lower plasma concentrations of thiopental In phenobarbital metabolism . The percentage binding increases with increasing pH from approximate 75% at pH
Perioperative steroids are steroids that are used before, during or after a surgery. Human steroids are produced by the adrenal gland and are under the direct or indirect control of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. The two major classes of steroids that have significant clinical metabolic effects are the glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol), which regulate
Critically ill patients often require cardiac inotrope and/or cardiac pressors support to maintain adequate cardiac output and adequate blood pressure to sustain end-organ perfusion. Because end-organ perfusion has already likely been compromised and may continue to be problematic despite use of these agents, anaerobic metabolism rather than aerobic metabolism is likely to be generating a
Lorazepam metabolism is done by glucuronidation in order to form pharmacologically inactive metabolites that are excreted by the kidneys. Lorazepam IV is a long-acting benzodiazepine which is more potent sedative and amnesic than midazolam and diazepam. The effects on ventilation, the cardiovascular system, and skeletal muscles resemble those of other benzodiazepines. The elimination half-time is
The fact that total body clearance of propofol metabolism exceeds hepatic blood flow is consistent with extra hepatic clearance. Indeed hepatic clearance of propofol was approximately 60% of total body clearance.Pulmonary uptake of propofol is significant and influences the initial availability of propofol. Human lungs take part in the elimination of propofol by transforming the
