To know about Ketamine mechanism of action we need to know that Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist to the phencyclidine site of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor for glutamate, though Ketamine mechanism of action has effects that are mediated by interaction with many others receptors. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonism : NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are […]
Ketamine Preemptive Analgesia is an antinociceptive treatment targeted to block CNS hyperexcitability, and thereby leads to a reduced postoperative pain state. Excitatory amino acids aspartate, released by the C fibers, interacts with the NMDA receptors of the dorsal horn neurons, and thus, leads to increase in intracellular calcium ions, which is thought to be the
There are several uses of barbiturates . Thiopental sodium is used as (1) the sole anesthetic agent for brief (15 minute) procedures, (2) for induction of anesthesia prior to administration of other anesthetic agents, (3) to supplement regional anesthesia, (4) to provide hypnosis during balanced anesthesia with other agents for analgesia or muscle relaxation, (5)
Acute on chronic pain description is to explain the pain which was chronic and has now become suddenly severe, sharp and unbearable. It could be due to acute exacerbation of the original process. Aetiologically it could be due to sudden increase in the size of the primary or due to deposition of metastases into long bones,
Midazolam IV is the first benzodiazepine that was produced primarily for use in anaesthesia. Walser and colleagues in 1976 “first described midazolam, the first clinically used water-soluble benzodiazepine. The imidazole ring in its structure accounts for its stability in aqueous solution and rapid metabolism. It is two to three times as potent as diazepam and
Several effects of ketamine are discussed here. Ketamine can attenuate important pro-inflammatory key functions of neutrophils in vitro, by inhibiting activated neutrophils, although these inhibitory effects are similar for racemic ketamine and its isomers. Thus ketamine might have role in limiting tissue injury in sepsis or ischemia/reperfusion. In the patients with sepsis caused by gram-negative
Propofol at common clinical concentrations-is potent ventilatory depressant and therefore it is sometimes common with the name propofol respiratory depression . The Propofol respiratory depression of ventilation is dose dependent. After induction of anesthesia with propofol apnoea occurs in 25% to 35% of patients which may persist till 3 minutes. It reduces tidal volume (by
The manifestations of midazolam overdose are sedation, somnolence, confusion, impaired coordination, diminished reflexes, and untoward effects on vital signs, coma and possible cardio respiratory arrest. Treatment of midazolam overdose is the same as that followed for overdosage with other benzodiazepines. Continuous monitoring of vital signs including ECG should be immediately instituted and general supportive measures
Once Pure agent scheme of presentation is executed it becomes very easy to deal with all the actions of the drugs of various classes of opioids, including pure agonist opioid . While understanding the pharmacological, systemic effect of these drugs it is logically possible to fix the action as per the neuroanatomical site of origin
Propofol and egg allergy are quietly related as one of the side effects. Allergic reactions to propofol on first exposure are usually because of the isopropyl groups that may act as epitopes and that are present in various medications andcosmetics. Allergic reactions to propofol upon re-exposure are usually because of the phenol molecule. Propofol and
