Desflurane undergoes very little desflurane metabolism because of low blood/gas and low blood/tissue solubility. However, 0.02% is metabolized during desflurane metabolism with the production of trifluoroacetic acid which may interact with hepatic proteins and induce an immune response in susceptible patients. Previous exposure to halothane may produce antibodies. In desflurane metabolism , the elimination is almost exclusively by
Spirometer is the instrument used to measure following lung volumes. Normal Spirometry Values are very important and a good doctor especially an anesthetist should always remember the approximate values of them. The Normal Spirometry Values are: • Tidal volume is 400 to 500 ml (10 mI/kg). • Inspiratory reserve volume is is 2,400 to 2,600
First recognized 50 years ago and used as xenon gas anesthesia in 1957, used for orchidectomy in a 81- year-old. The patient woke up after 2 minutes. Xenon, a by-product of oxygen production during fractional distillation of air. It is said to be a noble gas and is present in air 0.0000087%. Rediscovered in 1990, it
Emergence from anesthesia has cardiorespiratory, metabolic/endocrine and neurologic consequences. Awakening and extubation after anesthesia are associated with haemodynamic arousal lasting 10-25 minutes. This activation is partially mediated by elevations in catecholamine levels and partially by nociceptive stimuli. The aim of emergence after a neurosurgical procedure is to maintain intracerebral and extra-cerebral homeostasis. This implies maintenance
Desflurane muscle relaxation chemical depresses the neuromuscular junction, it decreases the force of contraction of muscles and increases fade. Endotracheal intubation is possible. There is a potentiation of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants similar to isoflurane. There have been no reports of malignant hyperthermia in man but has been seen in animals. It is advisable to avoid
Halothane cardiovascular effect plays a critical role. The main haemodynamic effect is a reduction in blood pressure secondary to a fall in cardiac output, reduced cardiac contractility and stroke volume, due to alterations in Ca-metabolism and a reduction in intracellular calcium. So, the coronary blood flow is reduced. The heart rate often falls due to
Isoflurane renal effects are minimal, only 0.2% metabolites are excreted in the urine and fluoride excretion is minimal. In patients for renal transplantation where there is a risk of arrhythmia, due to alteration in plasma electrolyte concentration, release of renin and catecholamines; there is hemodynamic stability. Skeletal muscle tone is reduced to a greater extent
Nitrous Oxide Effects the brain and induced analgesia or pain relief and anesthesia. Nitrous Oxide Effects includes the cardiovascular system as well. Nitrous oxide is a myocardial depressant and reduces the cardiac output. This is offset by an increase in sympathetic nerve activity resulting in peripheral vasoconstriction and thereby a minimal change in blood pressure.
Posterior fossa is a tight infratentorial compartment which harbors vital centers like cerebellum, pons and medulla. Anesthesia for Posterior Fossa Surgery is employed in carious types of space-occupying lesions, i.e., cerebellar tumours, cerebellopontine angle lesions, medulloblastoma, brainstem glioma occur in this area. The patients with posterior fossa tumor presents with features of raised intracranial pressure, brain
Analeptic Drugs are Cenrtral nervous system stimulants or CNS stimulants that stimulate respiration and also the brain. The different Analeptic Drugs are: Bemegride Nikethamide Doxapram These drugs help to restore the drug-induced depressed function towards normal. Ideally there should be pharmacological antagonism and the analeptic drug should block the depressant drug activity either by inactivation or
