The Regulation of Respiration is mediated by various centers in the brain. They are: • Pneumotaxic centre in upper pons. • Apneustic centre in lower pons. • Ventral group of neurons in medulla (expiratory group). • Dorsal group of neurons in medulla (inspiratory group). Normally pneumotaxic centre has inhibitory effect on apneustic centre which otherwise […]
In alveoli gas exchange , if a second vapour is also administered along with N2O, the percentage of the second gas is also increased due to the shrinking of the alveoli as a result of the speedy uptake of N2O by blood. Diffusion in Alveoli During reversal of anaesthesia, a similar phenomenon is observed in
Cerebral Aneurysm Clipping is one of the important modalities for the treatment of aneuryms apart from coiling so the anesthetic management of such cases is as follows. Skull is a fixed vault and most intracerebral structures are relatively in compressible, hence even a small haemorrhage can result in a significant anatomic distortion producing significant rise in ICP
Spirometer is the instrument used to measure following lung volumes. Normal Spirometry Values are very important and a good doctor especially an anesthetist should always remember the approximate values of them. The Normal Spirometry Values are: • Tidal volume is 400 to 500 ml (10 mI/kg). • Inspiratory reserve volume is is 2,400 to 2,600
Isoflurane renal effects are minimal, only 0.2% metabolites are excreted in the urine and fluoride excretion is minimal. In patients for renal transplantation where there is a risk of arrhythmia, due to alteration in plasma electrolyte concentration, release of renin and catecholamines; there is hemodynamic stability. Skeletal muscle tone is reduced to a greater extent
Isoflurane volatile anesthetic is a halogenated methyl ethyl ether, which is a racemic mixture. It is very stable at room temperature, soda-lime and UV light. It has an ethereal odour and is irritating to the respiratory tract and not epileptiform. Metabolism 0.2% Physical properties: Isoflurane volatile anesthetic has a bp of 48.5°C similar to halothane,
The reservoir bag is also called as the Breathing bag. The bag is attached to anesthesia breathing circuits to ventilate the patient. The bag acts as a reservoir for anesthetic gases as well as for oxygen, which when pressed results in the delivery of the gases or oxygen to the patient. An anesthetized and paralyzed
Desflurane is an inhalational agent used in anesthesia that is similar to isoflurane except the chlorine atom of isoflurane is replaced by fluorine atom which produces significant changes in physical properties. Physical Properties of Desflurane : It is colorless liquid. Pungent odor, so induction is not pleasant. Vapor pressure of Desflurane is very high (681
Apart from the traditional tubes used for endotracheal intubation, other tubes like R.A.E tube, Endotrol tube and Double lumen tube. R.A.E. tube : The R.A.E. tube is named after the name of 3 scientists — Ring, Adair and Elwyn. R.A.E tube is of two types: • South facing: Used for upper cleft lip and cleft
The Effects of Nitrous oxide in neuroanaesthesia has been questioned many times due to its detrimental effects on the cerebral vasculature and the brain tissue. However, there are no large-scale outcome studies to approve or disapprove its continued use in neuroanaesthesia. Nitrous oxide has been used in neuroanaesthesia for many years. Intraoperative analgesia with haemodynamic
