Minimization of the risk of aneurysm rupture during Anesthesia for Cerebral Aneurysm demands smooth induction and maintenance of optimum transmural pressure (TMP) gradient. TMP is the difference between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and ICP. Rise in MAP or fall in ICP affects transmural pressure gradient thereby increasing the risk of rupture of the aneurysmal sac.
The Poynting effect refers to the phenomenon where mixing of liquid nitrous oxide at low pressure with oxygen at high pressure (in Entonox) leads to formation of gas of nitrous oxide. So oxygen and nitrous oxide both are present in gaseous state in Entonox cylinder. In anesthesia practice the Poynting effect is seen in the
Understanding Minute Ventilation in Anesthesia and Intensive Care In the field of anesthesia and intensive care, minute ventilation plays a crucial role in ensuring the well-being and safety of patients. Minute ventilation refers to the volume of air that is moved in and out of the lungs in one minute. It is a vital parameter
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) is one of the most distressing experiences associated with surgery, and many patients find it more troublesome than postoperative pain itself. It is not only very uncomfortable to the patient in the postoperative period but it also delays the time of starting enteral feeding and normal functions. Especially in day care
Autonomic dysreflexia is an acute syndrome that frequently occurs in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients with a level usually above T6. It is characterized by excessive unmodulated sympathetic outflow in response to noxious stimuli below the spinal cord level. This can lead to dangerous elevations of blood pressure with disastrous clinical sequelae. Pathophysiology of Autonomic
Nasal Intubation can be accomplished by special nasal tubes or by simple oral tubes. Advantages of nasal intubation over oral intubation: 1. Better fixation and therefore less chances of accidental extubation. 2. No possibility of tube occlusion by biting. 3. Better oral hygiene can be maintained. 4. Oral feeding is possible. 5. Better tolerated by
What is Tidal Volume? Tidal volume (VT) is a fundamental parameter in respiratory physiology, representing the amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a typical breathing cycle. It is a crucial aspect of pulmonary function that aids in understanding an individual’s respiratory health. Tidal volume is measured in milliliters (mL) and varies among
Circulatory system and Enflurane Mechanism Action : Enflurane reduces BP due to vasodilatation as a result of decrease in SVR and cardiac depression. There is increase in heart rate and reduction in cardiac output. It does not sensitize the heart to catecholamines or stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. The margin between adequate anaesthesia and unacceptable hypotension
Spirometer is the instrument used to measure following lung volumes. Normal Spirometry Values are very important and a good doctor especially an anesthetist should always remember the approximate values of them. The Normal Spirometry Values are: • Tidal volume is 400 to 500 ml (10 mI/kg). • Inspiratory reserve volume is is 2,400 to 2,600
Analeptic Drugs are Cenrtral nervous system stimulants or CNS stimulants that stimulate respiration and also the brain. The different Analeptic Drugs are: Bemegride Nikethamide Doxapram These drugs help to restore the drug-induced depressed function towards normal. Ideally there should be pharmacological antagonism and the analeptic drug should block the depressant drug activity either by inactivation or
