Nitrous oxide induction agent is a weak anaesthetic agent and not suitable as a sole anaesthetic agent. Nitrous oxide induction agent is used to hasten inhalational induction of anaesthesia due to its “concentration and second gas effects”. There is a smooth and pleasant induction. The recovery from anaesthesia is rapid; however, a “diffusion hypoxia” […]
The Upper Respiratory Anatomy starts with the nose, which is an essential organ for breathing and conditioning of the air. The main respiratory functions of the nose are to provide passage to the air as well as the warming and moistening of the air. The next part is the pharynx, which is further divided into
Enflurane is not a very commonly used agent in the developing counties although its usage is on in America. It is a newer inhalational agent like that of halothane. Enflurane is halogenated ether. Enflurane Physical Properties : It is a Colorless gas. It has ethereal odor. It is Non inflammable at clinical concentration but inflammable
Anesthesia Physics are the very basics that involve the application of the laws of physics in anesthesia. Some knowledge of Physics is very important for anesthetists in their daily practice. The following are the important gas laws in Anesthesia Physics: BOYLE’S LAW At a constant temperature, volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure CHARLE’S LAW
The effect of Halothane on the liver is that it causes hepatitis called as halothane hepatitis. Incidence of massive hepatic necrosis as a result of halothane hepatitis is 1 in 35,000. Risk factors for halothane hepatitis are: Multiple exposures is single most important factor. Hypoxia. Middle age. Obesity. Females. Patient with other autoimmune diseases. Pathologic
Halothane cardiovascular effect plays a critical role. The main haemodynamic effect is a reduction in blood pressure secondary to a fall in cardiac output, reduced cardiac contractility and stroke volume, due to alterations in Ca-metabolism and a reduction in intracellular calcium. So, the coronary blood flow is reduced. The heart rate often falls due to
In normal Blood Brain Barrier functions the effective pore size of cerebral capillaries is 7-9 A°. This small pore size does not allow movement of small ions, i.e, Na, K and C1. Therefore, the fluid movement across the Blood Brain Barrier Functions is determined by the ‘total’ osmotic gradient, generated both by large molecules and
The Respiratory Tract anatomy is very essential for understanding the functions of a lung and hence should be known to every doctor. The Respiratory Tract anatomy starts with the oropharynx and the nasopharynx which are spaces in the mouth and the nose that act as conduit for the respiratory gases. At carina trachea divides into
In alveoli gas exchange , if a second vapour is also administered along with N2O, the percentage of the second gas is also increased due to the shrinking of the alveoli as a result of the speedy uptake of N2O by blood. Diffusion in Alveoli During reversal of anaesthesia, a similar phenomenon is observed in
Ether effects all the systems of the body. A brief account is given below. Ether effects on Cardiovascular system: It does not depress myocardium rather it stimulates sympathetic system causing tachycardia and hypertension. Baroreceptor reflex is preserved with ether so ether can be used safely in patients with shock. Respiratory system: It does not depress respiration rather
