The purpose of preoxygenation of a patient before induction of general anesthesia and paralysis is to provide a maximum time that the patient can tolerate apnea. Normal oxygen consumption in a healthy adult is about 250 ml / min desaturations oxygen can occur as quickly as 30-60 seconds in a healthy adult with the FRC
Halothane Cerebral effects include cerebral vasodilatation and increases cerebral blood flow (CBF). A concentration of I MAC doubles CBF and 1.6 MAC quadruples the CBF. Cerebral autoregulation may be abolished and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production reduced by 30%. The cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO,) may be reduced by 25%. There is no epileptiform activity in the
Cerebral Aneurysm Clipping is one of the important modalities for the treatment of aneuryms apart from coiling so the anesthetic management of such cases is as follows. Skull is a fixed vault and most intracerebral structures are relatively in compressible, hence even a small haemorrhage can result in a significant anatomic distortion producing significant rise in ICP
Cyclopropane is an anesthetic inhalational agent. It is a liquid agent stored in orange colored cylinders at 75 psi and delivered as gas. Among other halogenated inhalational agents used in anesthesia, Cyclopropane is one which is stored in cylinders at room temperature. Some of the important properties and characteristics of it are discussed below. • It is
What is Chloroform Chloroform is a very toxic compound, which was used in the past as an anesthetic agent. Chloroform use in anesthesia is only of historical value, although it still has some applications outside the medical practice. It was available as a liquid in bottles that would be poured on to a cloth and
There is rapid desflurane induction of anesthesia because of low solubility in blood, but a mask induction may produce coughing, breath holding, secretions and desaturation. Also the high initial percentage of desflurane induction may cause tachycardia and hypertension due to sympathetic effects. It is not recommended for inhalation induction. Recovery from desflurane induction is faster
Capnography is the continuous measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and its waveform. The normal recording from a Capnography is between 32 to 42 mmHg (3 to 4 mmHg less than arterial pCO2 which is 35 to 45 mmHg). Capnography works on the principle that infrared light is absorbed by carbon dioxide. And this
The growth is reflected in the specialty of Neuroanesthesia Monitoring . These advances result in an abundance of data on which the treating physician can base his clinical decision. Every branch of medicine is advancing at a fast pace with the introduction of newer diagnostic modalities, treatment options and identification of more reliable prognostic indicators.
Excess Oxygen can cause pulmonary oxygen toxicity which results in a lot of damage to the body tissues. To summarize briefly, the excess oxygen can cause, pulmonary toxicity, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, rertolental fibroplasia, convulsions and Paul burt effect. Here we will be dicussing the mechanisms of these tissue injuries that occur with use of excess oxygen. The following the changes
Functioning of Isoflurane cerebral blood flow is discussed here. Isoflurane reduces cerebral metabolism and so the oxygen consumption is reduced. At 1 MAC there is a 23% reduction in CMRO2. Isoflurane cerebral blood flow is not associated with seizure activity as opposed to Enflurane. The EEG shows progressive development of slow waves after an initial
