Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a hypermetabolic disorder of skeletal muscle that is triggered in susceptible individuals by several inhalation anesthetic agents (sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, halothane, enflurane, and methoxyflurane) and succinylcholine. These anesthetic triggers cause intracellular hypercalcemia in skeletal muscle by decreasing the uptake of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The intracellular hypercalcemia activates metabolic pathways […]
Methoxyflurane Anesthesia is a halogenated hydrocarbon now obsolete. Physical properties: Colorless, fruity liquid, non-flammable, boiling point of 104°C, blood/gas coefficient 13, oil /gas 825, VP 25 mm Hg, MAC 0.2%, metabolism 50-75%. Methoxyflurane Anesthesia is metabolized to dichloroacetic acid and methoxydifluoro acetic acid and fluoride in high amount which proved nephrotoxic; due to this it
Nitrous oxide inhalation anaesthetic is a gaseous inhalation agent first described in 1799 by Hamphrey Davy and introduced by Horace Wells (1846), a dentist, into clinical use in the US and it is still in use. Physical properties: Nitrous oxide inhalation anaesthetic is a colourless, sweet smelling and non-irritant gas, bp-88°C, slightly heaver than air.
The Bronchopulmonary Segments are the functional units of the lungs involved in he gaseous exchange. The lungs have the following Bronchopulmonary Segments on the right side: 1 Right main bronchus 2. Right upper lobe bronchus 3. Right middle lobe bronchus 4. Right lower lobe bronchus 5. Apical segment bronchus 6. Posterior segment bronchus 7. Anterior
Nitrous Oxide Effects the brain and induced analgesia or pain relief and anesthesia. Nitrous Oxide Effects includes the cardiovascular system as well. Nitrous oxide is a myocardial depressant and reduces the cardiac output. This is offset by an increase in sympathetic nerve activity resulting in peripheral vasoconstriction and thereby a minimal change in blood pressure.
The discovery of anesthesia Inhalation agents heralded the era of modem anesthesia. In 1842, the first general anesthetic administered was recorded by CF Long and W Clarke using diethyl ether; however, they did not publicize it. The first successful public demonstration of anesthesia Inhalation agents was by W.T.G. Morton on 10th October 1846 at the Massachusetts General Hospital Boston,
When it comes to undergoing a surgical procedure, one of the most important decisions to make is the choice between regional anaesthesia and general anaesthesia. Both options have their advantages and disadvantages, but in this article, we will focus on the benefits of regional anaesthesia over general anaesthesia. What is Regional Anaesthesia? Regional anaesthesia involves
The Benefits of Regional Anaesthesia Compared to General Anaesthesia Read More »
The MAC of halothane pharmacokinetics varies from 1.08 in neonates to 0.64 in the elderly, Addition of N20 in adults reduces MAC to 0.29%. The distribution of halothane is to lungs, VRG organs, muscle, fat around VRG organs and finally peripheral fat. Excretion is primarily through the lungs in a reverse manner. Halothane Pharmacokinetics undergoes
The history of anesthesia is very old. Anesthesia was used even in the ancient societies of the oldest civilizations wherein opium extracts, alcohol, coca leaves and other plant products were used. Even regional anesthesia in the form of compression on the nerve trunks, application of cold or use of crude local anesthetics was done in
The Poynting effect refers to the phenomenon where mixing of liquid nitrous oxide at low pressure with oxygen at high pressure (in Entonox) leads to formation of gas of nitrous oxide. So oxygen and nitrous oxide both are present in gaseous state in Entonox cylinder. In anesthesia practice the Poynting effect is seen in the
