Metabolism of volatile anesthetics is discussed here. Once thought to be chemically inert, inhalation agents, especially the older ones, undergo significant metabolism, bio-transformation and breakdown to potentially toxic intermediates. This process is affected by age, disease, drug interaction and genetics. Inhalation agents are administered in great excess of the amount metabolized unlike other drugs. For
In alveoli gas exchange , if a second vapour is also administered along with N2O, the percentage of the second gas is also increased due to the shrinking of the alveoli as a result of the speedy uptake of N2O by blood. Diffusion in Alveoli During reversal of anaesthesia, a similar phenomenon is observed in
The anatomy of larynx is extremely important for an anesthesiologist. A through knowledge of the anatomy of larynx is essential for mastering the skill of intubation with a tracheal tube. Larynx is the organ of voice extending from the root of the tongue to trachea and lies opposite C3 to C6 vertebrae. The distance between
Anesthesia gases are the gases used to anesthetize a patient for surgery. The common gases used in general Anesthesia are: Oxygen Nitrous Oxide Air Halothane Sevoflurane Desflurane Isoflurane and many more… Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the popular anesthesia gases and is not metabolized in human tissue, however it reacts with vitamin 812 and
Benzodiazepines or BDZ are compounds have largely replaced the barbiturates as hypnotics and act as sedatives, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants and anesthetic agents. Mechanism of action of Benzodiazepines or BDZ Benzodiazepines or BDZ bind selectively to the a subunit of the GABA-A receptors surrounding the chloride channels in the CNS, a site distinct from that to which
Sevoflurane metabolic effects are seen when approximately 5% of the dose is metabolized by the liver, catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (2E1) enzyme. While Sevoflurane metabolic effects are studied we see that, it is broken down to hexafluoro isopropanol (HFIP) and fluoride ions. Hexafluoro isopropanol is conjugated with glucuronic acid to form HFIP glucuronide and excreted
Halothane is a widely used inhalational agent. Physical Properties of Halothane : It is colorless liquid, volatile anesthetic. Pleasant to smell so excellent for induction in children. Stored in amber colored bottles and contains thymol 0.01% as preservative (to prevent decomposition by light). Non inflammable, non explosive. Nonirritant, so induction is very smooth. Boiling point
Chloroform anesthesia is prepared from chloroform chemical formula and is a potent, pleasant, non-irritant anaesthetic agent, very popular in the early days of anaesthesia. Physical properties of Chloroform chemical formula are that, it is colourless, sweet odour, non flammable, bp 6 1°C, VP 80mm Hg, blood/gas coefficient 10.3, oil/gas 394, MAC 0.62, metabolism 50% to
What is Tidal Volume? Tidal volume (VT) is a fundamental parameter in respiratory physiology, representing the amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a typical breathing cycle. It is a crucial aspect of pulmonary function that aids in understanding an individual’s respiratory health. Tidal volume is measured in milliliters (mL) and varies among
CEA Anesthesia or Carotid endarterectomy anesthesia can be general or regional or combined. Here is a discussion on the relative advantages and disadvantageous of the different types. Mc CaI Thyet al conducted a prospective, randomized trial investigating patient experience of CEA Anesthesia under local or general anesthesia in 176 patients and found that the recovery
