Flow Volume Loops are more sensitive and informative in detecting pulmonary diseases than conventional spirometry. Modem microprocessor controlled recording spirometers automatically generate these flow volume loops. The following are the parameters that are assessed in the Flow volume loops. TV= Tidal volume IRV = Inspiratory reserve volume IC = Inspiratory capacity ERV = Expiratory reserve […]
General Anesthesia mask is used to ventilate the patient without intubation or before intubation. The mask significantly increases amount of dead space. These are available in sizes from 0 to 4 numbers. Face mask should be made of antistatic rubber. At the bottom of General Anesthesia mask there is air filled cuff which has soft cushioning effect.
The Regulation of Respiration is mediated by various centers in the brain. They are: • Pneumotaxic centre in upper pons. • Apneustic centre in lower pons. • Ventral group of neurons in medulla (expiratory group). • Dorsal group of neurons in medulla (inspiratory group). Normally pneumotaxic centre has inhibitory effect on apneustic centre which otherwise
A common question that arises while studying respiratory physiology is what is minute ventilation and minute volume. The minute ventilation is the amount of air a person breaths in a minute. The minute ventilation is calculated by the multiplication of the tidal volume and the respiratory rate. What is minute ventilation? The normal tidal volume
A lot of Doctors and famous anesthesiologists have contributed to the evolution of the science of anesthesia. Their hard work and discoveries have made anesthesia a safe and crucial field in pain management and as a medical specialty. The discovery of Nitrous oxide was a major breakthrough, that was later found out to be a
Total dead space (Physiological dead space) = Anatomical dead space + Alveolar dead space. Anatomical Dead Space It is constituted by air which is not participating in diffusion. Therefore it is constituted by air present in nose, trachea and bronchial tree (up to terminal bronchioles). Normally it is 30% of tidal volume or 2 ml/kg or 150 ml. Anatomical dead
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The anatomy of larynx is extremely important for an anesthesiologist. A through knowledge of the anatomy of larynx is essential for mastering the skill of intubation with a tracheal tube. Larynx is the organ of voice extending from the root of the tongue to trachea and lies opposite C3 to C6 vertebrae. The distance between
The history of anesthesia is very old. Anesthesia was used even in the ancient societies of the oldest civilizations wherein opium extracts, alcohol, coca leaves and other plant products were used. Even regional anesthesia in the form of compression on the nerve trunks, application of cold or use of crude local anesthetics was done in
The reservoir bag is also called as the Breathing bag. The bag is attached to anesthesia breathing circuits to ventilate the patient. The bag acts as a reservoir for anesthetic gases as well as for oxygen, which when pressed results in the delivery of the gases or oxygen to the patient. An anesthetized and paralyzed
Endotracheal intubation complications can be intraoperative, postoperative or delayed. The following are the immediate intubation complications that are commonly seen: Esophageal intubation: This is a hazardous complication. Can be done as a mistake. If not detected in time can cause severe hypoxia and even death. This can be easily be detected by measuring carbon dioxide
