The purpose of preoxygenation of a patient before induction of general anesthesia and paralysis is to provide a maximum time that the patient can tolerate apnea. Normal oxygen consumption in a healthy adult is about 250 ml / min desaturations oxygen can occur as quickly as 30-60 seconds in a healthy adult with the FRC […]
Methoxyflurane Anesthesia is a halogenated hydrocarbon now obsolete. Physical properties: Colorless, fruity liquid, non-flammable, boiling point of 104°C, blood/gas coefficient 13, oil /gas 825, VP 25 mm Hg, MAC 0.2%, metabolism 50-75%. Methoxyflurane Anesthesia is metabolized to dichloroacetic acid and methoxydifluoro acetic acid and fluoride in high amount which proved nephrotoxic; due to this it
One of the most dreaded Halothane Complications is hepatic injury. There are two types, the first which is a transient sub clinical type with increases in liver enzymes. Halothane Complications may occur due to decreased hepatic blood flow and reductive biotransformation. Secondly, fatal hepatic necrosis may occur up to one month after exposure. The National Halothane
The reduced cerebrovascular resistance at the site of Arteriovenous Malformations AVMs lead to an increase in blood flow to this area and the formation of a lower resistance shunt along with peri-infarction oedema. They usually represent a high-flow and low-resistance shunts with systemic arterial pressure more than the vascular intramural pressure ; so, rupture does
Anesthetic Ethyl Chloride Spray is first sprayed in the mask, as it is pleasant and potent, it produces unconsciousness in 1-2 minutes. Ether is then introduced till the patient is anesthetized to Guedel ‘s stage III and plane H when respiration is regular, eye movements cease, pupils are in mid position and reflexes absent (eyelid,
Some of the toxicity issues related to desflurane toxicity is that, renal toxicity is not reported even after prolonged exposures and markers of renal function (albuminuria, glucosuria, urinary p-glutathione transferase, serum creatinine and BUN) were not altered after 7 days of exposure to 8 hours MAC of 1.25% desflurane. Desflurane Toxicity might occur at certain
Sevoflurane metabolic effects are seen when approximately 5% of the dose is metabolized by the liver, catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (2E1) enzyme. While Sevoflurane metabolic effects are studied we see that, it is broken down to hexafluoro isopropanol (HFIP) and fluoride ions. Hexafluoro isopropanol is conjugated with glucuronic acid to form HFIP glucuronide and excreted
Nasal Intubation can be accomplished by special nasal tubes or by simple oral tubes. Advantages of nasal intubation over oral intubation: 1. Better fixation and therefore less chances of accidental extubation. 2. No possibility of tube occlusion by biting. 3. Better oral hygiene can be maintained. 4. Oral feeding is possible. 5. Better tolerated by
The anatomy of larynx is extremely important for an anesthesiologist. A through knowledge of the anatomy of larynx is essential for mastering the skill of intubation with a tracheal tube. Larynx is the organ of voice extending from the root of the tongue to trachea and lies opposite C3 to C6 vertebrae. The distance between
The MAC of halothane pharmacokinetics varies from 1.08 in neonates to 0.64 in the elderly, Addition of N20 in adults reduces MAC to 0.29%. The distribution of halothane is to lungs, VRG organs, muscle, fat around VRG organs and finally peripheral fat. Excretion is primarily through the lungs in a reverse manner. Halothane Pharmacokinetics undergoes
