Circulatory system and Enflurane Mechanism Action : Enflurane reduces BP due to vasodilatation as a result of decrease in SVR and cardiac depression. There is increase in heart rate and reduction in cardiac output. It does not sensitize the heart to catecholamines or stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. The margin between adequate anaesthesia and unacceptable hypotension
Endotracheal intubation complications can be intraoperative, postoperative or delayed. The following are the immediate intubation complications that are commonly seen: Esophageal intubation: This is a hazardous complication. Can be done as a mistake. If not detected in time can cause severe hypoxia and even death. This can be easily be detected by measuring carbon dioxide
Enflurane metabolism is briefly discussed. About 80-90% of enflurane is eliminated in expired air, up to 5% is metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 (2E1) to difluoromethoxy difluoroacetic acid and free fluoride. Carbon monoxide may be produced in the presence of dry soda lime or baralyme, at higher temperatures and higher anaesthetic concentrations. Also while studying
What is Chloroform Chloroform is a very toxic compound, which was used in the past as an anesthetic agent. Chloroform use in anesthesia is only of historical value, although it still has some applications outside the medical practice. It was available as a liquid in bottles that would be poured on to a cloth and
The MAC of halothane pharmacokinetics varies from 1.08 in neonates to 0.64 in the elderly, Addition of N20 in adults reduces MAC to 0.29%. The distribution of halothane is to lungs, VRG organs, muscle, fat around VRG organs and finally peripheral fat. Excretion is primarily through the lungs in a reverse manner. Halothane Pharmacokinetics undergoes
N20 is minimally metabolized. Nitrous oxide metabolism shows us that N20 oxidizes the cobalt in vitamin B12, converting the monovalent form to bivalent form which fails to function as a methyl carrier. Nitrous oxide metabolism is an irreversible oxidation. Vitamin B12 is a cofactor for methionine synthetase and is involved in the production of 5,10
Surgery for small bowel obstruction is a very common emergency operation done in many hospitals. Intestinal obstruction is a blockage of your small intestine or colon that can prevent food and liquid through it. Intestinal obstruction can occur due to a number of conditions, including attachments in the abdominal tissue (adhesions), hernias and tumours or fibrous
Nitrous Oxide Effects the brain and induced analgesia or pain relief and anesthesia. Nitrous Oxide Effects includes the cardiovascular system as well. Nitrous oxide is a myocardial depressant and reduces the cardiac output. This is offset by an increase in sympathetic nerve activity resulting in peripheral vasoconstriction and thereby a minimal change in blood pressure.
Halothane cardiovascular effect plays a critical role. The main haemodynamic effect is a reduction in blood pressure secondary to a fall in cardiac output, reduced cardiac contractility and stroke volume, due to alterations in Ca-metabolism and a reduction in intracellular calcium. So, the coronary blood flow is reduced. The heart rate often falls due to
The Bronchopulmonary Segments are the functional units of the lungs involved in he gaseous exchange. The lungs have the following Bronchopulmonary Segments on the right side: 1 Right main bronchus 2. Right upper lobe bronchus 3. Right middle lobe bronchus 4. Right lower lobe bronchus 5. Apical segment bronchus 6. Posterior segment bronchus 7. Anterior
