Pain with propofol injection occurs in majority of patients. Propofol injection pain can be reduced by the following methods explained here. Propofol causes pain or discomfort on injection in 28% to 90% of awake patients. A number of techniques have been tried for minimizing propofol injection pain with variable results. The propofol injection pain decreases […]
Phenobarbital liver in the absence of other drugs, produces only modest decreases in hepatic blood flow. Induction doses of thiopental do not alter postoperative liver function tests. Barbiturates increase hepatic bile flow. However, there is no correlation between the increase in bile flow and the cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver. Thiopental decreases intraocular pressure
Some of the Phenobarbital side effects are discussed. Intra-arterial injection of thiopental usually results in immediate, intense vasoconstriction and severe pain radiates along the distribution of the vessel into which it has been administered. Vasoconstriction may obscure distal arterial pulses, and blanching of the extremity is followed by cyanosis. In awake patients, hypoaesthesia, muscular weakness,
Effects of Barbiturates on the body are listed here. Thiopentone decreases the tidal volume and the effect on respiratory rate is biphasic ranging from tachypnea during light anesthesia to a progressive slowing of respiration with deepening anesthesia. However, like propofol, functional residual capacity is not reduced by thiopentone. Effects of Barbiturates on the body administered
Here we study about the physical effects of barbiturates . In normovolemic subjects, thiopental, 4-5 mg/kg IV, produces a transient mild to moderate decrease in blood pressure with a compensatory increase in heart rate. However, bradycardia and junctional rhythm may occur with thiopentone. This dose of thiopental produces minimal to no evidence of myocardial depression.
Some barbiturates effects are explained here. The thiopental sodium causes profound fall in cerebral blood flow (35 to 40%) and thus ICP. Thiopentone also causes profound decrease in CMRO2. Thiopentone increases Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). The barbiturates effects increased the amplitudes of subcortical and early cortical components of somatosensory evoked potentials. Even full suppression of
Physiological response to hypoxia is commonly seen. It depends upon speed and severity of the oxygen lack. The response may be direct or indirect. The direct Hypoxia effects are on cardiorespiratory systems and the secondary effects are due to the failure of organs like brain, liver, kidney and heart. The Hypoxia effects on these organs
Barbiturates mechanism of action is described here. Barbiturates most likely produce their sedative hypnotic effects through an interaction with the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the CNS. Barbiturates cause reversible depression of all excitable tissues, the CNS being exquisitely sensitive. They bind to beta subunit of the inhibitory GABA-A receptor, a site distinct from
All barbiturates metabolism is in the liver. In Barbiturates metabolism , the haemodilution in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes reduction in total drug concentration and protein binding fraction at the onset of CPB. This decrease in protein binding is counteracted by the dilution of unbound drug, resulting in a stable unbound concentration throughout CPB. The inactive metabolites
For the phenobarbital metabolism the binding of thiopentone in human serum is about 85% and remarkably constant over the concentration range between 4 and 80 micrograms/mL. The higher percentage of protein binding occurs at lower plasma concentrations of thiopental In phenobarbital metabolism . The percentage binding increases with increasing pH from approximate 75% at pH
