Some Etomidate side effects are explained here. Some Patients receiving etomidate as intravenous injection for induction, frequently complain about pain. The incidence of pain is about 20% and associated with the conventional formulation due to its solvent propylene glycol which causes direct injury to vascular endothelium resulting in pain and venous sequelae. Pain on injection […]
Etomidate causes adrenocortical suppression by producing a dose-dependent inhibition of the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol. This is known as Etomidate adrenal suppression Cortisol and aldosterone are depressed by etomidate, but the clinical relevance is minimal after a single bolus injection. Etomidate adrenal suppression causes a specific and reversible blockade of the 11 beta-hydroxylation of
There are several uses of barbiturates . Thiopental sodium is used as (1) the sole anesthetic agent for brief (15 minute) procedures, (2) for induction of anesthesia prior to administration of other anesthetic agents, (3) to supplement regional anesthesia, (4) to provide hypnosis during balanced anesthesia with other agents for analgesia or muscle relaxation, (5)
There are several oxygen physical properties : 1. Oxygen is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. 2. Specific gravity is 1.106. 3. Molecular weight is 32. 4. In normal atmospheric pressure it liquefies at 183°C. 5. Solubility in water is 2.4 volume% at 37°C and 4.9 volume% at 0°C. 6. Inflammibility—it cannot be ignited but its
Commonly administered IV anesthetics can cause excitatory effects that my manifest as spontaneous movements, such as etomidate myoclonus ,dystonia, and tremor. These spontaneous movements, particularly myoclonus, occur in 50% to 80% of patients receiving etomidate in the absence of premedication. In one report, 87% of patients receiving etomidate developed excitatory effects, of which 69% were
To know about Ketamine mechanism of action we need to know that Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist to the phencyclidine site of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor for glutamate, though Ketamine mechanism of action has effects that are mediated by interaction with many others receptors. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonism : NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are
The phencyclidine derivatives Ketamine anesthetic is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. It produces “dissociative anesthesia”, characterized by evidence on the EEG of dissociation between the thalamo-cortical and limbic systems and a cataleptic state in which the eyes remain open with a slow nystagmic gaze. The patient becomes noncommunicative with an apparent wakefulness state. It
S-Ketamine is a water soluble molecule that structurally resembles phencyclidine. The commercial preparation of S-Ketamine is a racemic mixture of two optical enantiomers R(-) and S(+), and a preservative benzethonium chloride. The presence of asymmetric carbon atom results in the existence of two optical isomers of ketamine. The racemic form of ketamine has been the
John Mayow of Oxford in 1674 first observed that a component of air is essential for respiration and fire. Stephen Hale prepared oxygen along with other gases in 1927, thus making a memorable mark in the history of oxygen . Discovery, importance and history of oxygen are credited to Priestly (1777), who named it as
The Etomidate brand name in common use is Amidate. Amidate is a carboxylated imidazole compound. The imidazole nucleus renders etomidate, like midazolam, water soluble at an acidic pH and lipid soluble at physiologic pH. It is a non-barbiturate hypnotic without analgesic properties that has less cardiovascular and respiratory depressant actions than sodium thiopental. This lipophilic
