Below is an answer to the simple question what is sleep? What is Sleep? Physiologically, sleep is regarded as absence of wakefulness, where the responses to environmental stimuli are greatly reduced. But, in fact, it is an active state, related to definite anatomic structures as well to specific biogenic amines. Yet, its exact mechanism is […]
McNarry and Goldhill compared ACDU Scale (Alert, Confused, Drowsy, Unresponsive) and AVPU scale (Alert, responds to Voice, responds to Pain, Unresponsive) by the American college of surgeons with GCS scale for neurological assessment of critically ill ward patients. Just like GCS the ACDS Scale is a method to assess the neurological status and level of
IV Anesthesia or intravenous anesthesia is when anesthesia is given through a vein through injections. Anesthesia is usually started or induced with intravenous or IV anesthesia drugs. The different IV Anesthesia drugs are: Thiopental sodium Midazolam Methohexitone Ketamine Etomidate Propofol Some Steroids Ultra short acting barbiturates The ultra-short acting barbiturates administered as IV Anesthesia to
Neuroleptanalgesia Neuroleptanalgesia is method of IV anesthesia which combines at neuroleptic drug with opioid analgesic drug. The most favored combination is neuroleptic droperidol and the analgesic fentanyl. The combination used neuroleptanalgesia induces state which is different from usual general anesthesia. Because the patient is awake during surgery and is cooperative during the operative and surgical
Pethidine injection is a synthetic morphine like analgesic. this opioid medication has about one tenth as powerful compared to morphine. This drug has sedative and tranquilizing effects also. It may cause euphoria and sleepiness. Unlike morphine it tends to relax smooth muscles and thus relieves most types of pain associated with plain muscle spasm. But
The Respiratory Tract anatomy is very essential for understanding the functions of a lung and hence should be known to every doctor. The Respiratory Tract anatomy starts with the oropharynx and the nasopharynx which are spaces in the mouth and the nose that act as conduit for the respiratory gases. At carina trachea divides into
Halothane neuromuscular junction effect produces moderate muscle relaxation, it increases the degree and duration of relaxation produced by nondepolarizing muscle relax- ants. The action is at the postjunctional membrane. There is relaxation of the uterine muscle, which is useful in podalic version procedure but may hinder uterine contraction postpartum. Halothane neuromuscular junction effect may produce
What is Morphine sulphate Morphine sulphate injection is an opium alkaloid and a standard potent opioid analgesic. This opioid acts as an anxiolytic, hypnotic and sedative. It causes both the stimulation and the depression of the central nervous system. The depression caused by morphine leads to analgesia, respiratory depression, depression of cough reflex and sleep
Desflurane cardiovascular effects are mentioned here. There is a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and peripheral vasodilatation. Cardiac depression, a dose-dependent tachycardia and fall in blood pressure are seen. Along with N20 this effect is minimal. Splanchnic and renal blood flow is preserved. Desflurane is a direct coronary vasodilator. A rapid increase in concentration of
Anesthesia for Carotid Endarterectomy is of proven benefit to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with high-grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery. Since the disease is atherosclerotic in origin, these patients often are prone to a variety of cerebrovascular and myocardial complications during the perioperative phase. Anesthesia for Carotid Endarterectomy demands excellent haemodynamic
