All hypnotics drugs act on different subunits of GABA receptors. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA): This is a major inhibitory amino acid Neuro Transmitter in the brain; its synthesis from glutamate is catalyzed by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. It binds to either GABA-A or GABA-B receptor following its release from the presynaptic vesicles. GABA- […]
Minimization of the risk of aneurysm rupture during Anesthesia for Cerebral Aneurysm demands smooth induction and maintenance of optimum transmural pressure (TMP) gradient. TMP is the difference between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and ICP. Rise in MAP or fall in ICP affects transmural pressure gradient thereby increasing the risk of rupture of the aneurysmal sac.
In alveoli gas exchange , if a second vapour is also administered along with N2O, the percentage of the second gas is also increased due to the shrinking of the alveoli as a result of the speedy uptake of N2O by blood. Diffusion in Alveoli During reversal of anaesthesia, a similar phenomenon is observed in
Analeptic Drugs are Cenrtral nervous system stimulants or CNS stimulants that stimulate respiration and also the brain. The different Analeptic Drugs are: Bemegride Nikethamide Doxapram These drugs help to restore the drug-induced depressed function towards normal. Ideally there should be pharmacological antagonism and the analeptic drug should block the depressant drug activity either by inactivation or
Enflurane Structure is a halogenated methyl ethyl ether and is an isomer of isoflurane. Enflurane structure makes it a colourless liquid, noncorrosive to aluminium, iron as well as copper, non-flammable, stable to light and UV light, does not need a chemical stabilizer. Physical properties: The bp is 56.5°C, The SVP 172 mm Hg (22.9 kPa),
N20 is minimally metabolized. Nitrous oxide metabolism shows us that N20 oxidizes the cobalt in vitamin B12, converting the monovalent form to bivalent form which fails to function as a methyl carrier. Nitrous oxide metabolism is an irreversible oxidation. Vitamin B12 is a cofactor for methionine synthetase and is involved in the production of 5,10
There is very little airway irritation, hence used for inhalation induction especially in children. One of the halothane respiratory effects is that it is a potent respiratory depressant, reduces tidal volume and alveolar minute ventilation. The ventilatory response to raised Paco2 and reduced Pao, may be reduced due to depression of peripheral chemoreceptors in the
Understanding Minute Ventilation in Anesthesia and Intensive Care In the field of anesthesia and intensive care, minute ventilation plays a crucial role in ensuring the well-being and safety of patients. Minute ventilation refers to the volume of air that is moved in and out of the lungs in one minute. It is a vital parameter
Hepatotoxicily has been seen since the introduction of anesthetics. Chloroform and trichloroethylene have been abandoned for toxicity of inhalational anesthesia . The toxicity may be intrinsic as seen with Chloroform or acetaminophen. Halothane exhibits an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction to a drug metabolite protein. The toxicity of inhalational anesthesia with the incidence of liver injury is Halothane> Isoflurane
When it comes to total knee replacement surgery, managing pain and providing effective analgesia is of utmost importance. The procedure itself can be quite invasive and painful, and it is crucial to ensure that patients are comfortable and experience minimal discomfort throughout their recovery process. In this article, we will explore the various options available
