The capacity of deliberate Brain Hypothermia to protect the brain and other vital organs during periods of decreased oxygen delivery is used during cardiac surgery. The beneficial effects of Brain Hypothermia were empirically attributed to its ability to decrease cellular metabolism and thus delay the processes leading to irreversible cell death. Based on this, it
When a patient returns from the operating room following spinal surgery it is important to establish with the surgical team any spine instability as well as the integrity of the dura. This information is critical should the patient need to be reintubated, vomit, or elevate the head of bed. There would be no greater catastrophe
Stored blood is one of the commonest transfused volume replacements. Blood is stored in the cold part of refrigerator at 4°C (never in the freezer). Since blood from donors it taken long before it has to be given to a patient, it is stored in the meantime in refrigerator to preserve it from getting spoiled. It can be
Little substantial human data exists concerning the impact of fluids on the brain, which may guide rational IV Fluid Replacement in neurosurgical patients. Therefore, recommendations arise from known factors that influence water movement into the brain. IV Fluid Replacement in neurosurgical patients can alter three properties of the blood, viz., osmolality, colloid oncotic pressure and
Oxygen partial pressure decreases to 100 mm Hg up to alveoli. Oxygen tension in venous blood is 40 mm Hg. About one-fifth (20.9%) of air contains oxygen. In the inspired air, oxygen has partial pressure at 1/5 of the atmospheric pressure, i.e., 159 mm Hg. The larger the O2 or CO2 tension difference between the
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is currently used in various clinical treatment regimens like for treating carbon monoxide poisoning. These include decompression sickness, carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning, gas embolus, gas gangrene, resistant anaerobic infections, and threatened split-thickness skin grafts. The mechanism of action in treating carbon monoxide poisoning purportedly involves increasing tissue oxygenation, which increases collagen
Signs and Symptoms of hemolytic reaction An acute hemolytic reaction occurs when immunologic incompatibility following transfusion, between the donor and the recipient results in lysis of red blood cells. Most hemolytic reactions are due to the transfusion of ABO-incompatible packed red blood cells secondary to clerical or system errors. The severity of the reaction is
What are the Indications for and Contraindications to Thrombolytics? Mr. XXX is a 66-year-old male who is postoperative day number one after hip replacement surgery and complains of acute onset of chest pain and shortness of breath. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is performed that shows new ST-segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. You are alone
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The postoperative management of a kidney transplant recipient requires meticulous monitoring of urine output and electrolyte levels. Renal allografts will not necessarily make urine as soon as they are reperfused. Depending on the particular center, the incidence of delayed graft function ranges from 5% to 15% in cadaveric and from 0% to 5% in live
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Post operative hypoxia is caused by several factors : I. General—patient’s factors Exaggerated preoperative problems such as: • Extreme obesity • Geriatric age • Pre-existing cardiopulmonary disease 2. Diminished inspired oxygen • Lack of oxygen supplementation devices • Excessive suctioning • Diffusion hypoxia after nitrous oxide 3. Impaired ventilatory inefficiency • Obstructed upper airway
