Cranial Perfusion Pressure is the blood pressure in the brain that is required to maintain adequate circulation in the brain and thus maintain the important cerebral functions. Very low Perfusion Pressure in the brain will result in inadequate circulation to the brain and reduced oxygen and glucose supply to the brain with which it functions. The
The neuroprotective effects of Magnesium on Brain have been reported in experimental models of traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischaemia and acute subarachnoid haemorrhage. Magnesium on Brain reduces infarct volume in various animal models of embolic stroke. The mechanisms by which magnesium protects include the reduction of presynaptic release of glutamate, blockade of NMDA receptors, smooth
Dextrans are a type of colloids and are used for intravenous transfusion. The Dextran Injection is aavailable as Dextran 70 (mol. wt. 70,000 Daltons), Dextran 150 (mol. wt. 1,50,000 Daltons) and Dextran 40 (mol. wt. 40,000 Daltons). Dextrans are polysaccharides. These solutions can be stored for 10 years. Half life of dextrans is 2 to
Intensive care unit scoring systems or ICU scoring systems like APACHE and SAPS fall into two broad categories. Risk prediction (also called prognostic) models are designed to assess prognosis at the time of admission to the ICU or within the first 24 hours. Severity-of-illness scoring systems are used in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting as tools
The preparation of carbon dioxide gas is needed before it is actually stored in cylinders. The preparation of carbon dioxide gas is done though following steps : 1. From fermentation in the brewing of beer 2. By-product of manufacture of hydrogen in petroleum refining 3. Combustion of other fuels 4. By heating magnesium and calcium
The astute clinician will recognize that although a common cause of fever in the ICU is infection, many cases are of noninfectious fever. Fever in the intensive care unit (ICU) patient is a common problem that results in the performance of many diagnostics tests. This increases both the costs of medical care and the exposure
Hemolytic Reactions Hemolytic reactions can be: Acute Hemolytic reactions Delayed Hemolytic reactions: The Delayed Hemolytic reactions are seen after a few days of blood transfusion. Acute hemolytic reactions It is usually due to ABO incompatibility (mismatch reaction). The most common cause of these transfusion reactions is clerical error. There is intravascular hemolysis. Incidence is
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The European—American Consensus Conference in 1993 provided working definitions of Acute Lung Injury and ARDS to improve diagnostic consistency and interpretation of the results of clinical and epidemiological studies. Both Acute Lung Injury and ARDS are characterized by the presence of hypoxemia and pulmonary infiltrates without elevated left atrial pressure. The two conditions are distinguished
When a patient returns from the operating room following spinal surgery it is important to establish with the surgical team any spine instability as well as the integrity of the dura. This information is critical should the patient need to be reintubated, vomit, or elevate the head of bed. There would be no greater catastrophe
A woman in the third trimester of pregnancy is predisposed to supine hypotension syndrome in pregnancy while in the supine or sitting position due to the hemodynamic and anatomic changes of pregnancy. The large uterus of late pregnancy can compress the inferior vena cava (IVC) such that venous return is significantly reduced. This decreased preload
