Pentazocine injection is a synthetic narcotic analgesic derived from benzomorphan. Pentazocine Potency Its analgesic potency of 30 mg is said to be equal to 10 mg of morphine or 75 to 100 mg of pethidine. Pentazocine Dose The usual dose in adults is 20 to 60 mg i.m. (about 1 mg/kg). The oral dose ranges from […]
Acute barbiturate poisoning causes depression of the CNS, particularly the respiratory system causing decreased breathing, and the cardiovascular system causing a peripheral circulatory collapse. The frequent and often fatal complications are respiratory (atelectasis, pulmonary edema and bronchopneumonia) or renal (acute renal shutdown). Treatment of acute barbiturate poisoning The severity of barbiturate poisoning is assessed by
What is Nitrous oxide gas ? Nitrous oxide gas is a Gaseous Anesthetic agent. Nitrous oxide gas is a colorless, inorganic gas with a sweet taste. The oxygen in the nitrous oxide molecule is not available for tissue respiration as nitrous oxide does not undergo significant decomposition in the body. Nitrous oxide gas, if administered
All hypnotics drugs act on different subunits of GABA receptors. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA): This is a major inhibitory amino acid Neuro Transmitter in the brain; its synthesis from glutamate is catalyzed by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. It binds to either GABA-A or GABA-B receptor following its release from the presynaptic vesicles. GABA-
Nitrous Oxide Effects the brain and induced analgesia or pain relief and anesthesia. Nitrous Oxide Effects includes the cardiovascular system as well. Nitrous oxide is a myocardial depressant and reduces the cardiac output. This is offset by an increase in sympathetic nerve activity resulting in peripheral vasoconstriction and thereby a minimal change in blood pressure.
Benzodiazepines or BDZ are compounds have largely replaced the barbiturates as hypnotics and act as sedatives, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants and anesthetic agents. Mechanism of action of Benzodiazepines or BDZ Benzodiazepines or BDZ bind selectively to the a subunit of the GABA-A receptors surrounding the chloride channels in the CNS, a site distinct from that to which
IV Anesthesia or intravenous anesthesia is when anesthesia is given through a vein through injections. Anesthesia is usually started or induced with intravenous or IV anesthesia drugs. The different IV Anesthesia drugs are: Thiopental sodium Midazolam Methohexitone Ketamine Etomidate Propofol Some Steroids Ultra short acting barbiturates The ultra-short acting barbiturates administered as IV Anesthesia to
Neuroleptanalgesia Neuroleptanalgesia is method of IV anesthesia which combines at neuroleptic drug with opioid analgesic drug. The most favored combination is neuroleptic droperidol and the analgesic fentanyl. The combination used neuroleptanalgesia induces state which is different from usual general anesthesia. Because the patient is awake during surgery and is cooperative during the operative and surgical
Below is an answer to the simple question what is sleep? What is Sleep? Physiologically, sleep is regarded as absence of wakefulness, where the responses to environmental stimuli are greatly reduced. But, in fact, it is an active state, related to definite anatomic structures as well to specific biogenic amines. Yet, its exact mechanism is
Emergence from anesthesia has cardiorespiratory, metabolic/endocrine and neurologic consequences. Awakening and extubation after anesthesia are associated with haemodynamic arousal lasting 10-25 minutes. This activation is partially mediated by elevations in catecholamine levels and partially by nociceptive stimuli. The aim of emergence after a neurosurgical procedure is to maintain intracerebral and extra-cerebral homeostasis. This implies maintenance
