All hypnotics drugs act on different subunits of GABA receptors. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA): This is a major inhibitory amino acid Neuro Transmitter in the brain; its synthesis from glutamate is catalyzed by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. It binds to either GABA-A or GABA-B receptor following its release from the presynaptic vesicles. GABA- […]
Metabolism of volatile anesthetics is discussed here. Once thought to be chemically inert, inhalation agents, especially the older ones, undergo significant metabolism, bio-transformation and breakdown to potentially toxic intermediates. This process is affected by age, disease, drug interaction and genetics. Inhalation agents are administered in great excess of the amount metabolized unlike other drugs. For
One of the Sevoflurane cardiovascular effects is that the Sevoflurane has minimal effect on heart rate. There is a fall in systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure, but less than isoflurane. Also Sevoflurane cardiovascular effects are complex such as the pulmonary arterial pressure is also reduced. There is a lesser depression of left ventricular systolic
The Non Rebreather Masks are the masks that do not allow rebreathing of the gases to take place when a patient is ventilated or he takes spontaneous breaths while the mask is being held. These masks of Non Rebreather type need to have a very high flow of oxygen as most of the oxygen is being lost.
As with other volatile agents desflurane depresses the respiratory system. Desflurane respiratory effects are quite different. There is a dose-dependent decrease in tidal volume, decreased minute volume and CO2 retention, and an increase in respiratory rate. The ventilatory response to CO2 is reduced. One of the desflurane respiratory effects is that, the desflurane is extremely
Halothane Cerebral effects include cerebral vasodilatation and increases cerebral blood flow (CBF). A concentration of I MAC doubles CBF and 1.6 MAC quadruples the CBF. Cerebral autoregulation may be abolished and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production reduced by 30%. The cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO,) may be reduced by 25%. There is no epileptiform activity in the
Diethyl ether anesthetic is the first volatile anesthetic agent used widely for over one-and-a-half centuries. Volatile anesthetic agents like Ether, ethylene, chloroform, trichloroethylene and methoxyflurane are not in use in developed countries. However, ether, trichloroethylene are still in use in some developing countries. Physical properties of Diethyl ether anesthetic : It has a boiling point
The endotracheal tube position should always be confirmed because the correct placement of the tube is essential for proper ventilation of a person. If the endotracheal tube position is not correct within no time the patient can become hypoxic due to the unavailability of oxygen to the lungs. The tube may be wrongly placed in
Anesthesia gases are the gases used to anesthetize a patient for surgery. The common gases used in general Anesthesia are: Oxygen Nitrous Oxide Air Halothane Sevoflurane Desflurane Isoflurane and many more… Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the popular anesthesia gases and is not metabolized in human tissue, however it reacts with vitamin 812 and
Introduction to Pediatric Weight Calculation Calculating the body weight of pediatric patients is a crucial skill for healthcare providers, particularly in emergency situations. Accurate weight estimation not only facilitates proper medication dosing but also ensures appropriate fluid administration. To streamline this process, guidelines from both the Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) program and the World
Body Weight Calculation in Pediatric Patients: PALS and WHO Guidelines Read More »
