Capnography is the continuous measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and its waveform. The normal recording from a Capnography is between 32 to 42 mmHg (3 to 4 mmHg less than arterial pCO2 which is 35 to 45 mmHg). Capnography works on the principle that infrared light is absorbed by carbon dioxide. And this […]
Sevoflurane is a fluorinated compound commonly used as an inhalational agent and used in Sevoflurane anesthesia. Its brand names are Ultane and Sevorane. Physical Properties of Sevoflurane : • It is colorless liquid • Odor is sweet so induction is smooth. Anesthetic Properties of Sevoflurane : Faster (B/G coefficient is 0.69), pleasant and smooth induction
Isoflurane is a fluorinated methyl ethyl ether. It is an isomer of enflurane. Physical Properties of Isoflurane : • It is Colorless. • It has pungent ethereal odor so induction is not smooth. • Non inflammable, non explosive. • Vapor pressure similar to halothane (240 mmHg). Hence it also has agent specific Isoflurane vaporizer. Anesthetic
Halothane is a widely used inhalational agent. Physical Properties of Halothane : It is colorless liquid, volatile anesthetic. Pleasant to smell so excellent for induction in children. Stored in amber colored bottles and contains thymol 0.01% as preservative (to prevent decomposition by light). Non inflammable, non explosive. Nonirritant, so induction is very smooth. Boiling point
The effect of Halothane on the liver is that it causes hepatitis called as halothane hepatitis. Incidence of massive hepatic necrosis as a result of halothane hepatitis is 1 in 35,000. Risk factors for halothane hepatitis are: Multiple exposures is single most important factor. Hypoxia. Middle age. Obesity. Females. Patient with other autoimmune diseases. Pathologic
Desflurane is an inhalational agent used in anesthesia that is similar to isoflurane except the chlorine atom of isoflurane is replaced by fluorine atom which produces significant changes in physical properties. Physical Properties of Desflurane : It is colorless liquid. Pungent odor, so induction is not pleasant. Vapor pressure of Desflurane is very high (681
The endotracheal tube position should always be confirmed because the correct placement of the tube is essential for proper ventilation of a person. If the endotracheal tube position is not correct within no time the patient can become hypoxic due to the unavailability of oxygen to the lungs. The tube may be wrongly placed in
Apart from the traditional tubes used for endotracheal intubation, other tubes like R.A.E tube, Endotrol tube and Double lumen tube. R.A.E. tube : The R.A.E. tube is named after the name of 3 scientists — Ring, Adair and Elwyn. R.A.E tube is of two types: • South facing: Used for upper cleft lip and cleft
Laryngeal Mask Airway or LMA was discovered by Archies Brain so also called as a Brain Mask. LMA are special type of airways which are useful in difficult intubation. It is placed blindly in the oropharynx and the cuff is inflated with large volume of air tat is about 30 to 40 ml for a
Nasal Intubation can be accomplished by special nasal tubes or by simple oral tubes. Advantages of nasal intubation over oral intubation: 1. Better fixation and therefore less chances of accidental extubation. 2. No possibility of tube occlusion by biting. 3. Better oral hygiene can be maintained. 4. Oral feeding is possible. 5. Better tolerated by
