Nikethamide is a drug used for stimulating the brain. Its chemical name is nicotinic acid diethylamide. Nikethamide is a cerebral stimulant and a good analeptic. It stimulates respiration due to an effect on respiratory center and not through the chemoreceptors of the carotid and aortic bodies. It has a vasoconstrictor effect on the peripheral circulation. It has […]
What are Barbiturates drugs? Barbiturates are the derivatives of barbituric acid which is a condensation product of urea with malonic acid. Barbituric acid itself is devoid of any hypnotic activity. Barbiturates drugs are hardly soluble in water; however, their sodium salts form alkaline solutions in water. Conventionally, they are divided according to their duration of
Barbiturate withdrawal is when sudden stopping of barbiturate drugs causes severe illness and withdrawal. This especially happens when infusions are given in the hospital and abruptly stopped. What are the Barbiturate withdrawal symptoms? In the First 12-16 hours: There is an observable improvement. After 16 hours: nausea, vomiting, anxiety, tremors, abdominal cramps, orthostatic hypotension, restlessness.
Pre anesthesia drugs and medicines is the term applied to the use of drugs prior to the administration of an anesthetic agent, with the objective of making anesthesia safer and more agreeable to the patient. The reasons for using pre anesthesia drugs are: For sedation, to reduce anxiety and apprehension without producing much drowsiness. To obtain an
Flumazenil or Anexate is an imidazo benzodiazepine that binds competitively to BDZ receptors and antagonizes many of the actions of benzodiazepines. Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist. It does not block the pharmacologic effects of GABA or all GABA mimetic but it specifically antagonizes the actions of benzodiazepines. Given alone, it has minimal effect on the
Barbiturate drugs are defined as any drug derived from barbitunc acid. Barbituric acid, which lacks central nervous system (CNS) activity, is a cyclic compound obtained by the combination of urea and malonic acid. Barbiturate drugs with sedative hypnotic properties result from substitutions at the number 2 and 5 carbon atoms of barbituric acid. Barbiturates that
Acute on chronic pain description is to explain the pain which was chronic and has now become suddenly severe, sharp and unbearable. It could be due to acute exacerbation of the original process. Aetiologically it could be due to sudden increase in the size of the primary or due to deposition of metastases into long bones,
Non benzodiazepines like Zolpidem Non benzodiazepines like zopiclone, Zolpidem, zaleplon and efzopiclone (Z agents) are the newer sedative hypnotic agents which have varied chemical structures. They bind selectively to a subset of benzodiazepine receptors and act as benzodiazepine receptor Agonists. Non benzodiazepines characteristic features are: As sedative-hypnotics, they are as effective as benzodiazepines and provide
The foregoing discussion is in the situation of a normal blood brain barrier about blood brain barrier crossing drugs. In a brain lesion, where the integrity of BBB varies according to the severity of damage, the control of fluid molecules is further complex. The osmotic/oncotic gradient will not be effective in areas of complete blood
The primary mechanism of protection of barbiturates drugs in cerebral ischemia has been attributed to its ability to decrease the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2), thereby increasing the ratio of oxygen supply to oxygen demand. Barbiturates drugs have been the prototype for anesthetic protection against cerebral ischemia. The decrease in CMRO2 is accompanied by a parallel
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